Bush Meat: African Apes Essay

The African individuals, especially the individuals who live in and close to woodland regions, have been eating meat of wild creatures or bushmeat for quite a long time. They chased for resource, as bushmeat was a fundamental wellspring of protein in the woodland. Be that as it may, as Africa’s timberlands progressively become increasingly open through urbanization, the chasing for bushmeat in West and Central Africa is presently forming into a tremendous and very productive business exchange. Truth be told, bushmeat is presently being sent out to and sold in black markets in the United States and Europe, where bushmeat is treated as an extravagance food thing like caviar or shark meat. With the expanding interest for bushmeat all through Africa and the developing exchange that provisions it, bushmeat chasing is currently the best danger to Africa’s incredible chimp populace. Meats from chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos may just be a little extent in the bushmeat exchange, but since these extraordinary primates duplicate more gradually than different vertebrates the chasing places them at risk for elimination. The nonappearance of parent chimps to support their young likewise represents a hazard to the extraordinary gorilla populace. Youthful stranded primates, since they still don’t have a lot of meat in them to eat, are being sold as pets. Preservationists contend that except if the bushmeat exchange is halted there would be not any more suitable incredible gorilla populace inside 50 years. There are three African incredible primates: bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas. Each of the three are currently imperiled species. The resulting gorilla populace gauges gave here, except if in any case expressed, are from 1996 figures. Bonobos must be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo and were assessed to be 10,000-25,000 in numbers. Western chimpanzees, assessed to be 12,000, could at present be found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Ghana and Senegal. This sub-types of chimpanzees are presently wiped out in Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin. The focal chimpanzee populace was evaluated to be 80,000. They can even now be found in Gabon, Congo (Brazzaville), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Angola (Cabinda enclave as it were). The last sub-types of the chimpanzee is the eastern chimpanzee and could be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and Sudan. Their populace was evaluated to be 13,000. There are likewise three sub-types of the gorilla: the western swamp gorilla, the eastern marsh gorilla and the mountain gorilla. The western marsh gorilla, with an expected populace of 110,000, live in the conditions of Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo (Brazzaville), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria and Angola. The eastern marsh gorilla, in the mean time, must be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its populace is evaluated to go from 8,700-25,500 of every 1998. In conclusion, the mountain gorilla is the least of all the extraordinary chimps. There are just around 600 of them and they could be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. Rose (1998) had refered to different investigations on bushmeat exchange across West and Central Africa. The bushmeat trade around the Congolese city of Ouesso done by Hennessey found that 64% of the bushmeat in the region originated from only one town and that a solitary tracker could have provided in excess of 80 gorillas every year. He likewise evaluated that 19 chimpanzees are slaughtered each year in the city. In the Sangha district, numerous trackers like to exchange their bushmeat at Ouesso as opposed to sell them at logging concessions on the grounds that in Ouesso they can sell it at a greater expense. As refered to by Rose, Stromayer and Ekobo had detailed that Ouesso and Brazzaville are the â€Å"ultimate wellsprings of demand† for bushmeat. There is additionally an extreme chasing of gorillas and chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon. A large portion of the meats chased here are transported to the commonplace capital of Bertoua and to Yaounde and Douala where trackers could make more benefits. Bushmeat exchange is additionally present in towns close to Lope, Ndoki and Dja Reserves, and in city markets at Bangui, Kinshasa, Pt Noire and Libreville. In light of the investigations on bushmeat trade, Rose extrapolates that â€Å"the bushmeat exchange across central Africa could be in excess of a two billion-dollar yearly business. In the event that logging and chasing keep on extending unchecked, the quantities of monkeys and gorillas murdered for the cooking pot will increment. † A decent result is an extraordinary inspiration for trackers of bushmeat. Bowen-Jones (1998) said chimpanzee corpses in Cameroon could pay as much as $US20 to $25 each. The expansion in bushmeat chasing has been energized by general enhancements in foundation, which makes street access to woodlands and transportation to urban markets simpler. The developing wood industry, ruled by European-claimed organizations and progressively joined by Asian businesses, likewise expanded interest and encouraged the flexibly end. The ranger service representatives chase so they could accommodate their own needs. Business trackers proliferate to accommodate the necessities of ranger service laborers and different purchasers outside the forested district. Purchasers of bushmeat are the logging camp families, yet additionally restaurateurs and private eats in well off national capitals. Bushmeat is sold at costs going from two to multiple times that of hamburger or pork, the two of which are promptly accessible to shoppers in bigger towns and urban communities. The expanding accessibility of firearms additionally adds to the inescapability of the bushmeat exchange. The development of business in Africa additionally undermines the social legacy of African people group. As refered to by Rose (1998), Mordi’s investigation of perspectives toward untamed life in Botswana found that â€Å"contemporary Africans have lost their conventional ‘theistic’ veneration for natural life and many have taken on the harshest utilitarian view. † Rose additionally clarified that â€Å"tribal benefits of monitoring and securing non-human life are rendered profoundly inoperable, while new biological and moral establishments for supporting nature have not developed. † He additionally refered to Ammann’s talk in Washington DC to report that African clans that had before taboo the utilization of primates are currently starting to eat their meat. Rose further says that, in Africa, â€Å"A ‘live for today’ mentality wins. This holds for individuals attempting to make due, just as for affluent Africans. † Citing Hart’s 1978 investigation, Bowen-Jones (1998) announced that the change from means to business chasing started 50 years prior. Hart’s investigation of the Mbuti Pygmies of the Ituri woodland in the Democratic Republic of Congo found that the dwarfs had started reaching meat merchants during the 1950s. These meat brokers went with them to their woods camps to advance â€Å"intensification of conventional chasing techniques, for example, collective net drives. † Meat, at that point, was a methods for bargain. They traded it for iron apparatuses, tobacco or agronomically created food. In numerous different places in Central Africa, indigenous woodland occupants have likewise been exchanging meat for different items for quite a while. Bowen-Jones recommended that â€Å"This exchanging ethos, went with now and again by fluctuating degrees of pressure, has prompted a frequently various leveled structure in the recently flourishing business exchange meat from the woodland, where Bantu supporters [who are agriculturalists] utilize Pygmy trackers. In different cases, the chasing is done by outsiders pulled in by work or the possibility of bringing in cash by poaching and chasing. Notwithstanding, the shared factor is that, undeniably, creatures are pursued not for nearby utilization yet for the urban populace habitats, where request keeps costs high and moves others in the backwoods to chase. † Another issue presented by bushmeat chasing is the danger of transmitting risky illnesses to people. This is on the grounds that primates, being the nearest living family to people, harbor pathogens that likewise influence people. The Ebola infection, which is pestilence in chimps and gorillas, has been found to originate from dead bodies of primates and could spread during butchering. Researchers have detailed in an Independent Online article by Fox (2004) that the infection breaks out when individuals butcher chimpanzees, gorillas and little impalas. The Ebola infection had slaughtered 29 individuals in the Congo Republic in January 2004. Also, consistently expanded creature mortality consistently precedes the principal human cases. HIV, which causes AIDS, is likewise said to have been transmitted to people from primates. Chasing and butchering produces blood splatters which can without much of a stretch make infective mist concentrates. Rose (1998) announced that clinical researchers have found proof that focuses to western African chimpanzees as the first wellspring of the infections that causes AIDS. Bushmeat chasing â€Å"could transmit new types of SIV that could additionally extend the AIDS pandemic. The illicit bushmeat trade had before been seen as a natural life emergency. Be that as it may, presently, with proof supporting the exchange of plague sicknesses from primates to people, the bushmeat emergency reaches out from an issue of chimp elimination to a danger to human development. To summarize, the illicit bushmeat exchange is powered by: the expanding request all through Africa; the lessening social worship for untamed life; the quickly developing lumber industry: the improvement of ranger service foundation like streets, vehicles and camps; and the expanding accessibility of weapons. A portion of the results of an unregulated bushmeat trade are as per the following: helpless and jeopardized species, including each of the three African incredible gorillas, face termination; unprotected and unstudied species are placed in harm's way; the antiquated culture of African indigenous networks are endangered; and there is an expanded danger of transmitting hazardous maladies to people. Reference index: Rose, A. (1998). Developing Commerce In Bushmeat Destroys Great Apes And Threatens Humanity. Recovered February 22, 2007 from http://b

10 Jobs That Will Hire You Today, Even With No Experience

10 Jobs That Will Hire You Today, Even With No Experience Recently out of school? Searching for your first employment? Searching for a new position following quite a while of not being in the activity power? Need to get a new position in another field speedy? You may end up striking your head against the Catch 22 of requiring involvement with request to find a new line of work and afterward get said understanding. You may imagine that there are no nice paying employments worth taking that don’t require at least understanding. Be that as it may, you’d not be right. Here are various flawlessly steady employments that don’t expect you to have work involvement with that field. Remain in them joyfully, or use them as a venturing stone to other vocation moves.1. Authoritative AssistantWhat is esteemed most by individuals hoping to recruit an administrator colleague or an official secretary isn't understanding, yet aptitude. Would you be able to carry out the responsibility. It is safe to say that you are supernaturally sorted out? Excessively dependable, reliable, circumspect, ready to perform various tasks as well as anyone? Ready to get cleaning and handle secret lawful and money related data? Acquainted with word-handling, database, and spreadsheet programming? Would you be able to type? You’re recruited. Normal pay: almost $38k per year.2. Conveyance DriverHave a clean driver’s permit? Get work for a national, nearby, worldwide, or territorial organization driving conveyance vehicles. You’ll even have the advantage of a lot of planning adaptability and an opportunity to get your foot in the entryway at an organization. Normal compensation: somewhere in the range of $16-46k per year.3. Bill CollectorDidn’t even know this was work? All you need is a secondary school confirmation, great telephone way, and great client support aptitudes to have the option to help pursue up front installments from careless payers. This vocation is relied upon to become 19% in the following ten years and the normal pay ranges from $21-48k per year.4. Security OfficerAlways needed to be a cop yet don’t need to mess with all the preparation? Take a stab at being a security official for a place of business, a hall, a gallery, or a shopping center. You’ll must be on your feet more often than not, however you’ll land on-the-position preparing, adaptable hours, and the normal pay is over $35k per year.5. BartenderIf you can deal with the work, and make the beverages, and shield from overserving boisterous customer base, at that point you can bring in extraordinary cash behind a bar. On the off chance that experience is essential for one of these employments, it is for the most part as straightforward as going to a course or bartending school. What's more, you can make as much as $50k per year.6. School Bus DriverYou’ll must be tolerant and an extremely, safe driver, yet you can make somewhere in the range of $16-$40k driving youngsters to and from sc hool-with no related knowledge. You may even score some respectable benefits.7. Land BrokerYou need to take a 60-hour course and breeze through an assessment, however once you do, you’re qualified to be an agent. What makes a difference in this activity is more who you know and how expansive your system, instead of how long you’ve been selling houses. On the off chance that you’re great at deals and charming, this may be for you. It begins little, however the remuneration can be fiercely alluring. Normal pay ranges from: $30-227k.8. HR AssistantHelp screen work candidates for organizations (and get the hang of something all the while). You’ll get nice advantages and a serious pay (around $38k every year). What's more, the more aptitudes you have with PCs and correspondence, the happier you’ll be.9. ClerkConsider working at the neighborhood town hall, DMV, or metropolitan office. Regional authorities utilize a huge amount of individuals; you should be one of them! Experience necessities are extremely low, however benefits are high. What's more, the normal pay is around $38k.10. Link InstallerEver wonder about the person or lady who comes to introduce your link or web? Odds are you could have their activity with practically no experience. You’ll land on-the position preparing, obviously. What's more, relationship building abilities are an or more. Contact your nearby supplier to see about employment opportunities. Normal yearly pay: between $21-52k.

UK Teacher Numbers Drop by 10,000 in a Year

UK Teacher Numbers Drop by 10,000 in a Year The OE Blog A startling new government statistic revealed on the BBC News website has shown that the number of state school teachers in England has plummeted by 10,000 in a single year. Education Cuts The news comes amid rising fears that deep cuts to the education budget might be having an adverse impact on the quality of teaching throughout the English education system. First we saw lecturers and senior university teaching staff fighting for their jobs, leading to increased higher education class sizes and a competitive market system introduced for university places. Many feared this might lead to the commercialisation of the university sector, with the focus subsequently switching from academic excellence to customer satisfaction and value for money, as cuts forced universities to compete for applicants. Now commentators fear that a similar climate of belt-tightening is having an impact further down the education system, as the news of this sudden drop in teacher numbers is greeted by explanations of tight budgets and difficult financial decisions. The suggestion seems to be that with less money to go around, fewer teachers can be hired and many are even losing their jobs. Department for Education Excuses Ironically, the Department for Education told the BBC News website that the reason for the apparently shocking drop in numbers was simply the fact that many schools are becoming academies and thus organising teacher employment independently of the state system. But with more than half of schools in England applying for academy status, this seems unlikely to be the reason, as the 10,000 figure doesn’t seem high enough to fit such an explanation. In addition, it is ironic that the Department for Education should cite academies as a reassurance, when many of those concerned about the failing English state school system are particularly worried about the diversion of funds into new academies rather than focusing on the improvement of already unsatisfactory state school facilities. Downgrading Staff? Another interesting statistic that may shed some light on the problem is the news that the number of teaching assistants in English schools has trebled in the past decade. This strongly suggests echoes of the same situation we have seen spreading throughout other employment sectors since the onset of the recession, where more senior, highly-paid employees are gradually decreased as younger, less-experienced staff are brought in in low-paid roles to replace them at a cheaper rate. This is similar to the problem in the business world at the moment where many university graduates are finding themselves working their socks off in unpaid internships as companies juggle lower budgets but try to achieve the same high work output. Whatever the reason, such a dramatic drop in teacher numbers is unlikely to be allowed to be swept under the carpet â€" the Department for Education is going to have some more explaining to do before too long.

Criminal Justice and Your Constitutional Rights

Sometimes, life can take a bad turn. You’ve been arrested, arraigned, and are now set to stand trial. Fortunately, whether you are guilty or not, the U.S. criminal justice system offers you several constitutional protections. Of course, the overriding protection assured to all criminal defendants in America is that their guilt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. But thanks to the Due Process Clause of the Constitution, criminal defendants have other important rights, including the rights to: Remain silentConfront witnesses against themBe tried by a juryProtected from paying excessive bailGet a public trialGet a speedy trialBe represented by an attorneyNot be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy)Not to be subjected to cruel or unusual punishment Most of these rights come from the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution, while others have come from the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in examples of the five â€Å"other† ways the Constitution can be amended. Right to Remain Silent Typically associated with well-recognized Miranda rights that must be read to persons detained by the police prior to questioning, the right to remain silent, also known as the privilege against â€Å"self-incrimination,† comes from a clause in the Fifth Amendment which says that a defendant cannot â€Å"be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.† In other words, a criminal defendant cannot be forced to speak at any time during the detention, arrest and trial process. If a defendant chooses to remain silent during the trial, he or she cannot be forced to testify by the prosecution, the defense, or the judge. However, defendants in civil lawsuits can be forced to testify. Right to Confront Witnesses Criminal defendants have the right to question or â€Å"cross-examine† witnesses who testify against them in court. This right comes from the Sixth Amendment, which gives every criminal defendant the right to â€Å"be confronted by the witnesses against him.†Ã‚  The so-called â€Å"Confrontation Clause† has also been interpreted by the courts as prohibiting prosecutors from presenting as evidence oral or written â€Å"hearsay† statements from witnesses who do not appear in court. Judges do have the option of allowing non-testimonial hearsay statements, such as calls to 911 from people reporting a crime in progress. However, statements given to police during the investigation of a crime are considered to be testimonial and are not allowed as evidence unless the person making the statement appears in court to testify as a witness. As part of the pre-trial process called the â€Å"discovery phase,† both lawyers are required to inform each other and the judge of the identity and expected testimony of the witnesses they intend to call during the trial. In cases involving the abuse or sexual molestation of minor children, the victims are often afraid to testify in court with the defendant present. To deal with this, several states have adopted laws allowing children to testify via closed-circuit television. In such instances, the defendant can see the child on the television monitor, but the child cannot see the defendant. Defense attorneys can cross-examine the child via the closed circuit television system, thus protecting the defendant’s right to confront witnesses. Right to Trial by Jury Except in cases involving minor crimes with maximum sentences of no more than six months in jail, the Sixth Amendment assures criminal defendants the right to have their guilt or innocence decided by a jury in a trial to be held in the same â€Å"State and district† in which the crime was committed. While juries typically consist of 12 people, six-person juries are allowed. In trials heard by six-person juries, the defendant can only be convicted by a unanimous vote of guilty by the jurors. Typically a unanimous vote of guilt is required to convict a defendant. In most states, a non-unanimous verdict results in a â€Å"hung jury,† allowing the defendant to go free unless the prosecutor’s office decides to retry the case. However, the Supreme Court has upheld state laws in Oregon and Louisiana allowing juries to convict or acquit defendants on ten-to-two verdicts by 12-person juries in cases where a guilty verdict cannot result in the death penalty.   The pool of potential jurors must be chosen randomly from the local area where the trial is to be held. The final jury panel is selected through a process known as â€Å"voir dire,† in which lawyers and judges question potential jurors to determine if they might be biased or for any other reason unable to deal fairly with the issues involved in the case. For example, personal knowledge of the facts; acquaintanceship with parties, witnesses or attorneys occupation which might lead to bias; prejudice against the death penalty; or previous experiences with the legal system. In addition attorneys for both sides are allowed to eliminate a set number of potential jurors simply because they do not feel the jurors would be sympathetic to their case. However, these juror eliminations, called â€Å"peremptory challenges,† cannot be based on the race, sex, religion, national origin or other personal characteristics of the juror. Right to a Public Trial The Sixth Amendment also provides that criminal trials must be held in public. Public trials allow the defendant’s acquaintances, regular citizens, and the press to be present in the courtroom, thus helping to ensure that the government honors the defendant’s rights. In some cases, judges can close the courtroom to the public. For example, a judge might bar the public from trials dealing with the sexual assault of a child. Judges can also exclude witnesses from the courtroom to prevent them from being influenced by the testimony of other witnesses. In addition, judges can order the public to leave the courtroom temporarily while discussing points of law and trial procedure with the lawyers. Freedom from Excessive Bail The Eighth Amendment states, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† This means that any bail amount set by the court must be reasonable and appropriate for the severity of the crime involved and to the actual risk that the accused person will flee to avoid standing trial. While the courts are free to deny bail, they cannot set bail amounts so high that they effectively do so.   Right to a Speedy Trial While the Sixth Amendment ensures criminal defendants a right to a â€Å"speedy trial,† it does not define â€Å"speedy.† Instead, judges are left to decide whether a trial has been so unduly delayed that the case against the defendant should be thrown out. Judges must consider the length of the delay and the reasons for it, and whether or not the delay had harmed the defendant’s chances of being acquitted. Judges often allow more time for trials involving serious charges. The Supreme Court has ruled that longer delays can be allowed for a â€Å"serious, complex conspiracy charge† than for â€Å"an ordinary street crime.† For example, in the 1972 case of Barker v. Wingo, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a delay of over five years between arrest and trial in a murder case did not violate the defendant’s rights to a speedy trial. Each judicial jurisdiction has statutory limits for the time between the filing of charges and the start of a trial. While these statutes are strictly worded, history has shown that convictions are rarely overturned due to claims of a delayed trial. Right to Be Represented by an Attorney The Sixth Amendment also ensures that all defendants in criminal trials have the right â€Å"†¦ to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.† If a defendant cannot afford an attorney, a judge must appoint one who will be paid by the government. Judges typically appoint attorneys for indigent defendants in all cases which could result in a prison sentence. Right Not to Be Tried Twice for the Same Crime The Fifth Amendment provides: â€Å"[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.† This well-known â€Å"Double Jeopardy Clause† protects defendants from facing trial more than once for the same offense. However, the protection of the Double Jeopardy Clause does not necessarily apply to defendants who might face charges in both federal and state courts for the same offense if some aspects of the act violated federal laws while other aspects of the act violated state laws. In addition, the Double Jeopardy Clause does not protect defendants from facing trial in both criminal and civil courts for the same offense. For example, while O.J. Simpson was found not guilty of the 1994 murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman in criminal court, he was later found to be legally â€Å"responsible† for the killings in civil court after being sued by the Brown and Goldman families. Right to Not be Punished  Cruelly Finally, the Eighth Amendment states that for criminal defendants, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the amendments â€Å"Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause† also applies to the states. While the U.S. Supreme Court has held that the Eighth Amendment forbids some punishments entirely, it also forbids some other punishments that are excessive when compared to the crime  or compared to the defendant’s mental or physical competence. The principles the Supreme Court uses to decide whether or not a particular punishment is â€Å"cruel and unusual† were solidified by Justice William Brennan in his majority opinion in the landmark 1972 case of Furman v. Georgia. In his decision, Justice Brennan wrote, â€Å"There are, then, four principles by which we may determine whether a particular punishment is cruel and unusual.† The essential factor is â€Å"that the punishment must not by its severity be degrading to human dignity.† For example, torture or an unnecessarily long and painful death.â€Å"A severe punishment that is obviously inflicted in wholly arbitrary fashion.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"A severe punishment that is clearly and totally rejected throughout society.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"A severe punishment that is patently unnecessary.† Justice Brennan added, â€Å"The function of these principles, after all, is simply to provide means by which a court can determine whether a challenged punishment comports with human dignity.†

Stronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary - 3382 Words

Stronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary The Internet, 2005 As you read, consider the following questions: 1. What company was sued because its Web site s advertisement placed cookies on the computers of people visiting the site? 2. In what European country was a privacy-protection law used to curtail free speech, according to Mishkin? The right to privacy has been around since the early part of the last century. It has evolved to apply—more or less—to a disparate array of social and economic issues, ranging from the desire to avoid publicity ( Time v. Hill ) to abortion (Roe v. Wade). The recent explosive growth of Internet use has created its own set of privacy concerns arising from this new medium. By mid-2001, the†¦show more content†¦Others misbehaved as well. Liberty Financial operated the Young Investors web site, devoted to adolescents and teens. The site included a survey that gathered private information (social security numbers and telephone numbers, for instance), promised prizes for completing it and assured users that all of your answers will be totally anonymous. In fact, the FTC found that Liberty did not keep the information anonymously and did not even award the prizes it had promised. Liberty entered into a Consent Decree in 1999, promising to (a) stop making false claims about anonymity; (b) post a Privacy Policy; and (c) obtain verifiable parental consent before gathering private information from children under 13 years old. In the Liberty action, the FTC was foreshadowing the requirements of a law that went into effect the following year—the Children s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Under COPPA, a web site that is principally directed towards children under 13 years old must abide by some very strict rules before gathering personal information from users. 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Parity Generator Free Essays

PARITY GENERATOR Vinti Thakkar Swetha Jain Riddhi Vira TE : B-3 TE : B-3 TE : B-3 Roll no : 0812103 Roll no : 0812106 Roll no : 0812114 Email : vinti. thakkar Email : shweta. mjain Email : riddhi1312 @gmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Parity Generator or any similar topic only for you Order Now com 2012@gmail. com @gmail. com AbstractSecurity is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based digital lock for Doors is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through it. When the entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the relay gets on and so that the door is opened. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then the Alarm is switched on. 1. Introductionâ€Å"Password Based Door Security System using Microcontroller† is used in the places where we need more security. It can also used to secure lockers and other protective doors. The system comprises a number keypad and the keypads are connected to the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051. This is one of the popular Microcontroller. It has only 20 pins and there are 15 input/output lines. The microcontroller has a program memory of 2 Kilobytes. The microcontroller continuously monitor the keypad and if somebody enters the password it will check the entered password with the password which was stored in the memory and if it they are same then the microcontroller will switch on the corresponding device. The system will allow the person who knows the password and it will not allow who don’t know the password and the system will also show the persons who try to break the protection barrier. 3. Circuit Diagram ExplanationThe Main Part of the above Circuit diagrams is the Microcontroller AT89C2051. The Keypad was the input device and it was connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of ports needed are reduced. The Microcontroller reads a four-digit password through the Keypad. Then the Microcontroller compares the four digit password with the number which is preprogrammed and if it is equal then the Microcontroller will switch on the motor for the door and if we enter the wrong password for more than three times then an alarm will be switched on until a right password was pressed through the Keypad. The Password was stored in the EEPROM and the password can be changed at any time using the same keypad. To change the password dial 1234 –Old password- New Password. The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A 0-12V/500 mA transformer is used for our purpose the primary of this transformer is connected in to main supply through on/off switch fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes convert from 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. Which is further regulated to +5v, by using IC 78054. Component Details1) Resistor :Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric circuit. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light. An electric current is the movement of charged particles called electrons from one region to another. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits. Physicists explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to water flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific value of resistance. Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often color coded by three or four color bands that indicate the specific value of resistance. Resistors obey ohm’s law, which states that the current density is directly proportional to the electric field when the temperature is constant. ) Integrated Circuits :Timer IC (555) -The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Regulator IC (LM 7805) -The LM7805 monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1. 0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. EEPROM (AT24C02) -The AT24C02 provides 2048 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) organized as 256words of 8 bits each. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C02 is available in space-saving 8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP, 5-lead SOT23 (AT24C02) and 8-lead TSSOP packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface. In addition, the entire family is available in 2. 7V (2. 7V to 5. 5V) and 1. 8V (1. 8V to 5. 5V) versions. heck till all keys releasedK2:ACALL DEALAY ;call 20 msec delayMOV A,KEYS;see if any key is pressedANL A,#11100000B ;mask unused bitsCJNE A,#11100000B,OVER;key pressed, await closureSJMP K2OVER:ACALL DEALAYMOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,OVER1SJMP K2OVER1:MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW1MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_1MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW2MOV A,KE YSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_2MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW3MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_3MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW4MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_4LJMP K2ROW_1:RLC AJC MAT1MOV KEY,#01HAJMP K1MAT1:RLC AK1:CJNE R3,#01H,G1INC R3MOV N1,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG1:CJNE R3,#02H,G2INC R3MOV N2,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG2:CJNE R3,#03H,G3INC R3MOV N3,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG3:CJNE R3,#04H,G4MOV R3,#01HMOV N4,KEYG4:MOV A,N1SWAP AORL A,N2MOV N2,A;HIGHER DIGITSS IN N2MOV A,N3SWAP AORL A,N4MOV N4,A;LOWER DISITS IN N4MOV A,N2CJNE A,#12H, BV1MOV A,N4CJNE A,#79H,BV1CPL L1CLR ALRMMOV COUNT,#00HAJMP KEYBOARDBV1:MOV A,N2CJNE A,#12H, BV2MOV A,N4CJNE A,#71H,BV2CPL L2CLR ALRMMOV COUNT,#00HAJMP KEYBOARDBV2:INC COUNTMOV A,COUNTCJNE A,#03H,HH1SETB ALRMMOV COUNT,#00H HH1:AJMP KEYBOARD;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((8. AcknowledgmentsWe wish to express our profound thanks to the people around us who helped make this project a reality. Firstly, we would like to thank Ms. Vidya Daund for mentoring this project, right from the selection of the topic to its completion. Also, we would like to thank the laboratory assistants Bhakti Ma’am and Kiran Sir who have been constantly there for us whenever we were in need and helped us in whatever ways possible. We would also like to thank all those who have contributed towards the development of our project| 2. Flowchart2) Capacitor :Capacitor or electric condenser is a device for storing an electric charge. The simplest form of capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non touching layer called the dielectric. When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct current or electrostatic source, the other plate have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the original charge is negative and negative if the original charge is positive. The electrical size of the capacitor is its capacitance. Capacitors are limited in the amount of electric charge they can absorb; they can conduct direct current for only instances but function well as conductors in alternating current circuits. Fixed capacity and variable capacity capacitors are used in conjunction with coils as resonant circuits in radios and other electronic equipment. Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, Mica, Ceramics, Paper, Oil, and Vacuums are used as dielectrics depending on the purpose for which the device is intended. 3) Transistor :Transistor is a device which transforms current flow from low resistance path to high resistance path. It is capable of performing many functions of the vacuum tube in electronic circuits, the transistor is the solid state device consisting of a tiny piece of semi conducting material, usually germanium or silicon, to which three or more electrical connections are made. ) Diode :Diode is a electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction. The first such devices were vacuum-tube diodes, consisting of an evacuated glass or steel envelope containing two electrodes – a cathode and an anode. The diodes commonly used in ele ctronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes used in electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zener diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. 5. Program (Code) :-include REG_51. PDF KEYSEQUP1ROW1EQUP1. 4ROW2EQUP1. 3ROW3EQUP1. 2ROW4EQUP1. 1COL1EQUP1. 5COL2EQUP1. 6COL3EQUP1. 7L1EQUP3. 1;3. 7L2EQUP3. 0ALRMEQUP3. DSEGORG 20HKEY:DS1N1:DS1N2:DS1N3:DS1N4:DS1COUNT:DS1CSEGORG 0000HSETB L1SETB L2CLR ALRMMOV R3,#01HMOV COUNT,#00HKEYBOARD:MOV KEY,#00HSETB COL1SETB COL2SETB COL3K11:CLR ROW1CLR ROW2CLR ROW3CLR ROW4MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,K11;JC MAT2MOV KEY,#02HAJMP K1MAT2:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#03HAJMP K1ROW_2:RLC AJC MAT3MOV KEY,#04HAJMP K1MAT3:RLC AJC MAT4MOV KEY,#05HAJMP K1MAT4:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#06HAJMP K1ROW_3:RLC AJC MAT5MOV KEY,#07HAJMP K1MAT5:RLC AJC MAT6MOV KEY,#08HAJMP K1MAT6:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#09HAJMP K1ROW_4:RLC AJC MAT7MOV KEY,#0AHMOV COUNT,#00HMOV R3,#01HAJM P KEYBOARDMAT7:RLC AJC MAT8MOV KEY,#0BH;for 0AJMP K1MAT8:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#0CHDELAY:MOV R1,#50REPP2:NOPDJNZ R1,REPP2RET;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((END6. Conclusion7. ApplicationOur electronic door lock performed as expected. We were able to implement all of the functions specified in our proposal. The biggest hurdle we had to overcome with this project was interfacing the micro controller with the hardware components. We feel that this electronic door lock is very marketable because it is easy to use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption, and highly reliable. This door lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door locks, residential housing, and even office buildings.. 9. References 1) Microchip, AT89C2051 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Inc. , 2003 2) Arrick Robotics, â€Å"Driving High-Power Loads with a Microprocessor,† 2005, How to cite Parity Generator, Papers

United States And European Union Auditor †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The United States And European Union Auditor? Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis and evaluation of the key issues present in the case study entitled Enron: Independence. Enron, an American company involved in energy, commodities and Services Company was declared bankrupt in the year 2001. The company who was recognized to possess large asset base till the year 2000 suddenly was announced to bankrupt thereby causing the loss of many of its investors and creditors. The case has presented an analysis of the importance of maintaining auditor independence for disclosing the real financial position of a business entity. This is because, Arthur, Andersen, an auditing partner of Enron, has very close relationship with the company as reflected from the case study and therefore has hide the materialistic facts about its financial position from the end-users. This was mainly done for increasing the stock price of the company by the managers in order to realize huge profits. As such, the present report has discussed the importan ce of auditors independence and significance to the profession of auditing. In addition to this, it has illustrated the importance of maintain professional distance in the auditing profession by discussing the case of Enron and Arthur Independence. Auditor Independence and its Significance to Auditing Profession The main purpose of auditing carried out by the firms is to provide expert suggestions regarding the effectiveness of their financial reporting systems. The financial reports must provide a true and fair view of the annual accounts of a firm in order to ensure the transparency of its operations in the eyes of its stakeholders. It is essential for the auditors to maintain an independent position so that actual financial condition of an enterprise is depicted to the end-users without concealment of any pertinent financial facts. The auditors independence refers to the autonomy of the auditing firm hired by the client for analyzing the transparency of its internal business operations. As per the AICPAs professional ode of conduct an auditor is required to have intellectual honesty and judicial impartiality in order to effectively meet the liabilities of its clients and all of its stakeholders (Adelopo, 2016). The absence of independency of the auditor results in restricting the honest and fair view regarding the integrity of a firms operations that can negatively impact the stakeholders interests. The independency in the accounting profession means that the opinion of the auditor is not impacted by any relationship between the company and auditing firm. This is essential so that auditors provide an unbiased opinion on the financial position of a firm for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders (Langendijk, Swagerman and Verhoog, 2003). The major threats for auditor independence are as follows: Self-interest threat: The threat exists when an auditor has a financial dependence on the client such as that exists in the case of Enron and Andersen. The auditing firm, Anderson, was realizing millions of income from Enron and therefore has become financially dependent on it. Trust Threat: The auditor has achieved a high level of trust among the company executives and management and thereby not carrying out his/her job role effectively. Threat of Familiarity: The development of high level of friendship bond among the auditor and the management people of the client restricts the independency if auditor role. This is because auditors has to follow to the advice of management people and thereby cannot perform the job functions with freedom. The familiarity issue was also responsible in the case of Enron corporate scandal as there was familiar relation between the chief accounting officer of the company and the auditor. This lead to the occurrence of mis-representation of the financial figures by the auditor on the advice of the chief accounting officer (Gray and Manson, 2007). Thus, as such it can be said that there exist a high need for independent of auditors to provide sufficient knowledge to the outside parties regarding a firm financial condition. The end-users of the financial reports have faith in the auditors report and it plays an important role in their investment decision-making process. Therefore, for maintaining the confidence of the general public in the business world the independency of auditors actions is very essential. In this context, the stakeholder theory states that a business entity needs to be morally and ethically responsible for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders by providing them realistic financial information. The financial information presented to the end-users must be free from error so that it can be used in decisions relating to the investment. Therefore, the firm must ensure that it carries out its auditing is carried out independently without the involvement of its management (Friedman and Miles, 2006). Thi s will help in preventing the occurrence of any fraudulent accounting activities within the firm such as that occurred the Enron Corporation. Critical Discussion of Arthur Anderson Services that Resulted in Impairment of Auditors Independence The analysis of the case study has shown that the major role played in the collapse of Enron in the year 2001 was the ineffectiveness of its auditing services. The Enron has become one of the largest clients of Arthur Andersen as it realizes million of profits every week from the company. Apart from the audit services, the Andersen also provides non-audit services to the Enron such as business consulting and tax work and realizes about $27 million for such services. The large amount of compensation provided to the Andersen has made it quite challenging for the auditing firm to question the Enrons management team regarding its fraudulent business operations. These non-audit services provided by Andersen provide it an incentive to work as per the interests and goals of the management of Enron. As per the Sarbanes Oxley Act, it is illegal for a public accounting firm to provide any type of non-audit services to its clients. The non-audit services forms a large part of compensation prov ided to the Andersen and thus maintaining of high financial interest in the client can be said to be one of the major reason for impairment of auditors independence (Rantanen, 2007). In addition to this, the presence of close friendly relations between the chief accounting officer of Enron and the auditing partner of Andersen lead to restriction in maintaining the auditors independency during the audit of Enron by Andersen. David Duncan, the Chief Accounting Officer of Enron and the Andersen engagement partner, Cuasey, knew each other from long time and they enjoy vacations together. The existence of long-standing relationship between the client and auditors becomes responsible for the larger role of auditor in the client management functions. This can be done for releasing high profits from the client as Anderson gains huge revenue from Enron. Therefore, the familiarity issues also resulted in impairing the auditors independency in the case of Enron (Rantanen, 2007). Also, Anderson had developed a promotional video for sharing the closeness of its relationship with Enron. There was large number of accountants hired by Andersen that were working at Enron and hold prominent positions in the management team of the company. Also, besides performing auditing of its internal operations, the auditing firm Andersen was also involved in external audit of its financial statements. As such, it was rather difficult for the auditing firm to carry the auditing of its own work resulting in impairment of auditors independency. In this context, the AICPA code of conduct states that individual involved in general public practices such as of auditing should provide unbiased services for maintaining the general public confidence (Edwards, 2003). Importance of Maintaining Professional Distance The case of Enron bankruptcy has emphasized on the need and importance of maintaining auditor independency through developing professional distances. The presence of nay type of personal bonds between the auditor and client can result in biasing the potential judgments of the financial statements. The presence of some sort of professional distance is essential in providing public contact services such as auditing for protecting the stakeholder interests. The client should not have nay personal relationship with the auditor so that he/she can perform the job role independently and provide unbiased statements with the financial audit (Strohm, 2007). The present case study has reflected the impact of presence of personal relationship between the auditor and the client on the auditing services. The audit firm is paid by the client and thus it has made rather difficult for the auditing firm in the present case to carry out an independent audit. The maintaining of independency is highly es sential in the profession of auditing which can be impacted to a huge extent through the presence of bonds of personal relationship. The case of Enron has shown that both the auditing firm and the client should not be known to each other to work in independence. The professional distance will enable the auditor to complete the auditing work through greater proficiency and competency (Alipur, 2013). The presence of close relations between the auditor and the client will have large impact on the professional competency of the auditors. The auditors owes an ethical obligation towards the clients, employers and other stakeholders and therefore should carry out their roles with utmost care and diligence. The many researchers in this context have demonstrated the negative relationship between the presence of personal bonds in auditing profession and the quality of auditing (Alipur, 2013). There are many issues present in the auditing quality and therefore many researchers have emphasized on the importance of professional distance in the accounting profession. The case of Enron has also shown that having more information about the client does not impact the ability of an auditor for identifying the auditing problem. There should be good communication between the auditor and the management of the client company for identifying and resolving the potential problems (Edwards, 2003). However, this should only be maintained at professional level and there should not be nay personal ties between them. In this context, the agency theory of corporate governance has emphasized on the relationship between principal and agents in a business entity. The theory helps in resolving the issues related present between the management and its different level of stakeholders (Forbes-Pitt, 2011). The agency relationship is said to exist when the principal hires an agent for performing some duty in his behalf such as auditing firm being hired by a business entity for carry out auditing of its financial statements. As per the theory, in the case of auditor-client relationship, the agent (auditor) should present the best interest of the principal (client) without any personal interest in the principal actions (Bamberg and Spremann, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that accountancy profession is entrusted with high public interest role and therefore all professional accountants need to adhere to the standard code of conduct directed by the AICPA. The code of conduct has mandated the auditors to act in independency and restrict themselves from any type of relations with the client that can impact their professional capabilities. Therefore, any type of personal relationships between the auditor and the client can be regarded to be unethical as per the AICPA Code of Conduct (Strohm, 2007). Conclusion The discussion held in the report has helped in developing an understanding of the significance of independency in the auditing profession. The case of Enron has also helped in developing an insight regarding the negative impacts of having personal relationships with the auditing firm on the future sustainability of a business entity. The auditing profession holds high responsibility of maintaining the public confidence and trust. The report has also depicted the issues causing the impairment of auditor independency through the help of case study of Enron. The case study has shown that one of the major reasons for the loss of investor confidence during Enron collapse was ineffective audit services provided by its auditing partner, Arthur Andersen. The presence of close bonds between the auditing firm and the client has resulted in impairment of auditors professional competency and capability in the case of Enron. The auditors, as such, require carrying out their job duties with hones ty and integrity to meet their ethical obligations towards their clients and its stakeholders References Adelopo, I. 2016. Auditor Independence: Auditing, Corporate Governance and Marketing Confidence. Routledge. Alipur, R. 2013. The relationship between the spatial distance of auditors and clients, and the quality of auditing in accepted companies in Tehran stock exchange. Issues in Business Management and Economics1 (6), pp. 133-141. Bamberg, G. and Spremann, K. 2012. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Edwards, F. R. 2003. U.S. Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong and Can It Be Fixed? Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago conference. Forbes-Pitt, K. 2011. The Assumption of Agency Theory. Taylor Francis. Friedman, A. and Miles, S. 2006. Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. OUP Oxford. Gray, I. and Manson, S. 2007. The Audit Process: psychology, Practice and Cases. Cengage Learning EMEA. Langendijk, H., Swagerman, D. and Verhoog, W. 2003. Is Fair Value Fair?: Financial Reporting from an International Perspective. John Wiley Sons. Rantanen, M. 2007. Reasons of Systemic Collapse in Enron: Systems Intelligence in Leadership and Everyday Life. Strohm, C. 2007. United States and European Union Auditor Independence Regulation: Implications for Regulators and Auditing Practice. Springer Science Business Media.

Concept of the Ancient Artwork Seated Goddess with a Child and the Winged Deity

Pioneer Women essays

Pioneer Women essays Wyoming liberates Ehrlichs soul from the deadening confines of industrial civilization, and at once provides her with purpose and meaning in her otherwise empty life. She comes because she wants to lose herself in the uninhabited wilderness of Wyoming; she wants to fill the void within her with the boundless land, hoping to ossify a numbness within, so that she will no longer have to think and feel. Instead, she finally feels alive, vulnerable to the lure of the land and nature. The very essence of her being is challenged by the harshness of her new way of life, forcing her to reconsider the core of her own existence and beliefs. Ultimately, it allows her to grow and understand the universal truths about life and what it means to be alive. Ehrlichs life is anchored by the land. The parameters of her life are defined by the land and its predictable indifference steadies her. She comes to understand that A persons life is not a series of dramatic events for which he or she is applauded or exiled but a slow accumulation of days, seasons, years, fleshed out by the generational weight of ones family and anchored by a land-bound sense of place. She discovers a different language, a different code of conversation, and an ethical and moral code which is unsullied by the spurious desires and meretricious greed fueled by conventional society. People share one eye, and although there is vast amounts of space separating people from one another, and although they live the majority of their days in isolation, tending to their individual plots of land, the strength and loyalty of the relationships among these people underscores their community. She writes of the profound silence that characterizes much of the human interacti ons; the few words that are actually uttered are replete with meaning and speak volumes. The wind, the "meticulous gardener, leaves everything raw...

Are Women Really Better Leaders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Are Women Really Better Leaders - Essay Example Thus, this paper intends to explore the issue of the difference in leadership styles between the two genders to answer the question: Are women better leaders? In 1996, Belenky made a study on organizations run by women and identified how female leaders assumed their functions differently that from men. Belensky (1996) noted that women leaders â€Å"developed themselves as public leaders by extending and elaborating women’s traditional roles and women’s ways to an extraordinary degree† (p. 412). This statement can be supported by the case of Anne Mulcahy, former CEO of Xerox who influenced people by working side by side with them through hard times. Xerox then was in a time of financial bankruptcy; in fact, she herself worked for two consecutive years without a weekend off. Her passion and perseverance kept her going on despite the warnings of financial advisors that Xerox would not be able to make it. Mulcahy was not just an ordinary leader, she was very extra-ordinary that gender did not matter at all. Amazingly, she was able to change the course of Xerox and her successor is even a woman too. It is easy to manage people when they are satisfied; however, good leaders emerge when the scenario is full of adversity. This is what made Mulcahy different since she rose from the ranks and took the helm without doubting herself. However, this does not mean that Mulcahy is a good leader because she is a woman; instead, she performed beyond her traditional role that is why she became a great leader. Sex-typing of leadership abilities does not place women in higher position nor does it give them more respect. Rather, society should view women as â€Å" people†, not â€Å"men and women† (Debate, p. 151). Women are managers and good leaders because they worked hard to educate themselves and earn professional experience. The successor of Mulcahy is Ursula

Government Inefficiency and Policy Implications of Economic Research Essay

Government Inefficiency and Policy Implications of Economic Research - Essay Example Sections 861(b) and 862(b) state generally how to determine taxable income for a taxpayer with income sources within or without the United States after such source has been determined. Regulation 1.861-8 provides more information on allocating state and local taxes to U.S. - and foreign-source income (Kozub 2010, p.1). In return, we could see the effects of taxes in our country thru, for example, roads for better accessory of goods coming from farm to local markets and for better transportation; public schools to ensure the education of our children and our children’s children; and public funds to support and aid the citizens in terms of calamities and unforeseen disasters. Well, these are good aspects of tax in our society in which it ensures a good future for us and for the next generation. What seem to be erroneous so to speak now are the urge of the government and the abuse in the use of tax. We all know that the government highly depends upon its citizen’s support to make its substructure work. In the article made by Crane (2010, p.1), she criticized and questions the imposition of tax to the extent that everything that people do, the government will levy tax. It is also shown in her article the question on blurred distinction between income tax and property tax wherein the so-called right to jus fruendi or the right to use the fruit of the property is assumed to be just a constitutional right that is vested upon the citizens because of the unclear dissimilarity of the property and income tax. She made use of the farm, being a property as an example wherein â€Å"If the value of an asset that one assessor claimed had arisen in any one year, perhaps when the crops were first harvested, could be taxed again in another year (simply because that first year's base was used again as the measure of the tax), and then again when the value was transformed into a security, and then again when that security was transformed into cash, what was the diffe rence between a property tax and an income tax?† (1). Issues and Problems on taxes What I want to raise here as an issue would be the redundancy of the taxes that are being imposed on the citizens. The government is now being misunderstood because instead of him intervening in the affairs of the people, it is now the people intervening in the affairs of the government and making profit out of it. Thus, people discover the government not as a privileged position to serve the people, but rather, as a situation and a place of income, using the money of its citizens. As a result, heavy taxes are levied and other forms of it are implemented to gain more income, having in mind that the people could not resist it because it is mandated by the law. Moreover, the espousal of income taxes did not inevitably flow from economic forces, but rather was conditioned by social and political power and complex historical processes (Mehrotra 2010, p.1). History will show us that these kind of tax is a by-product of the excessive expenditure of the government in wars that they are engaged to or the destruction incurred are in large scale. They put the burden to the people to restore the economic power of the state, therefore, making the government to be financially strong again in the international arena because state and the government can hardly be distinguished nor separated. The government dictates what the people should do in

The Challenge Of Human Cloning: Pros And Cons

The Challenge Of Human Cloning: Pros And Cons Nowadays, due to cloning disobeys human beings moral value, it has become a thorny issue even though it can benefit human beings and our society in lots of areas. Specifically, it is generally thought that it is immoral and unethical to clone human beings for various reasons, but the morality of human cloning cannot be reached yet since it is still a new technology. Additionally, attitudes toward it differ widely. Critics argue that cloning can be a risk factor of affecting human beings uniqueness, cause psychological and physical effects on human beings, result in the potential harms to the society and create strange kinship, and instability of cloning technology; however, advocates claim that cloning also can advance biomedical technology, improve the medical standards, and protect our environment. Moreover, it is undeniable that potential danger exists in human cloning which may cause serious consequences, but we cannot ignore the huge benefits that human cloning could bring such as the medical science improvement. Hence, it is essential to show the pros and cons of cloning. Some people argue that cloning of human beings is unethical because it deprives human beings uniqueness and brings social issues. Life is a creation, not a commodity, said President Bush, Our children are gifts to be loved and protected, not products to be designed and manufactured. No human life should be exploited or extinguished for the benefit of another (President par. 15). President Bush is carrying out a prohibition order; he believes that human cloning is unethical and immoral. In addition, cloned people may lose some special values each person should have. In this world, every person is unique, but human cloning would break this situation. However, cloned people are non-natural products and it is unfair for the people who are cloned. Imagine if there are two exactly same Brad Pitt, will he still be the unique actor as before? Furthermore, cloning technology can promise the same appearance, but not able to guarantee to clone peoples personalities since characters are related with peoples growth environment and are formed in the process of human growth. Thus, President Bushs speech reveals that why it is unacceptable for human cloning. To demonstrate, in article Medical Research, it shows that human cloning technologys instability is a big issue for peoples safety and human morality. In article Science, it mentioned about an experiment of creating hybrid embryonic stem cells, which is a new creature by combining a human cell with a cow egg. It challenges human ethnic theory in a brave step, but it is also intolerant for human morality. Therefore, since human cloning technology offends our social morality, article Medicine and Health provides a new way of thinking article Science by emphasizing its immorality and unnatural. Human cloning prompts a series of social problems, and it also causes complex family issues. Moreover, it could make the cloned people suffer psychological blow, and complex family relationships of cloned people will bring future negative impact on both survival and growth. According to my interview with Professor Peter Cherbas, who works in Biology department in Indiana University Bloomington, Human cloning is a process of copying others, so compared to the normal laws of human society, it is an unnatural product, says Professor Cherbas, and a cloned person would not have a father and a mother just like we have, and it appears that they will have awkward position in the family which is hard to accept by cloned people. Cloning is the creation of cells or whole animals using DNA from a single parent, by passing the normal reproductive process (What is Cloning par. 2). This means a cloned child is the descendant of a single person, while usually the proliferation of human needs the com bination of opposite sex. In this case, cloned children will only have one single biological related mother, which could result in some psychological trauma since it is impossible for them to have a complete family and they have to accept the truth of their mothers have the exactly same appearances with themselves. We need to respect life, and it is worthless to risk mankinds future and it is also unfair for the cloned people to suffer something that normal people do not have to face. Human cloning could lead some complex family relationship and unethical kinship. Furthermore, it is unethical that cloned people are separated from parents relationship and other human relationship. Moreover, it would be awkward that the cloned child can be the mothers child or her twin sister. Due to the cloned person only has one single parent, the family relationship is abnormal and it will be a big challenge for the cloned people to build their family relationship or kinship. Specifically, the cloned person will be in an embarrassing position in the family. For a man, the cloned child could either be his son or his twin brother; for a woman, the kid can be her daughter or her twin sister. Moreover, the mother or the father has to face a person who has exactly same appearance with themselves which is awkward. Someone might desire to clone their dead family member. However, there is no substitute for humans life or an individual person. Cloning might bring back the body of the lost family member, but it absolutely will not be the dead one you know since science cannot guarantee the same characters and thoughts. For instance, CC, the cloned cat mentioned above, does not quite look like its mother, Rainbow, a calico tri-colored female. At one year CC also has a different personality from her mother, being much more playful and curious (Lauritzen 458). Therefore, even though it may have chances to bring the dead back to life, he or she will not be the same person you know before. Human cloning technology is still limited significantly, and its instability is likely to lead to a series of new infectious diseases and thus cause the loss of humans various genes. Ultimately, it could lead to an uncontrollable disaster around the whole world. During the process of researching organ cloning, it is really easy to develop some new diseases which may cause huge consequences. So far cloning animal organs is still a new technology, and new technology often has limitations and safety issues. If cloned animal organs were transplanted into human bodies, I personally think the consequences would be disastrous, says Professor Peter Cherbas, after all, animals and humans are different species, so genes will be different for sure. You know, there is no 100% guarantee in the world. It shows that the uncertainity of human cloning can make people exposed to all kinds of diseases easily and can lead the whole human beings to extinction ultimately. Thus, human cloning has potential danger and it lacks stability as well. On the other hand, others hold that human cloning can bring huge benefits to medical treatments such as organ cloning and fertility problems by promoting scientific progress. Particularly, organ cloning provides great chances for those people who need organs. According to a recent survey conducted by COLUMBIA, Missouri (CNN), At the moment, approximately 75,000 Americans, awaiting organ transplants. Many people died of shortage of organs. Meanwhile, large amounts of organs are in need, but the offers of human donor organs still keep steady. However, researchers say they have taken a major step toward cloning pigs whose hearts, lungs and kidneys could be safely transplanted into humans (Research). With the development of the cloning technology, scientists could clone human organs instead of using animals organs. Secondly, cloning can help infertile couples to have their own children so that they do not have to use other peoples sperm or eggs. Furthermore, even lesbians and gays can ha ve children of their own as well. For example, if the male or husband is sterile, or does not produce sperm, DNA from one of his cells could be inserted into a de-nucleated egg from the female or wife who would also bear the child. Both would then be contributing to the make up and birth of the child. If the woman is infertile, another womans egg could be used along with the DNA of the infertile woman or her husband or partner (Lauritzen 456). It shows that people have rights to get a bright future since human cloning will benefit many people and widen the modern medicine worlds horizon. Therefore, human cloning technology can improve medical improvements, and huge potential strengths of human exist in cloning technology. Another benefit of cloning is that it could be used to treat many incurable disease so that many patients can regain health. Moreover, cloning technology covers diseases such as cancer, the Parkinsons disease, and other disease. Additionally, cloning technology can also prevent genetic disease to some extent, and this would greatly improve the population fitness. In article Medical Research, it illustrates specific points and detailed examples to explain human cloning technology can provide chances to cure various diseases. To illustrate, It was thought that embryonic stem cells had the potential for a great number of medical applications, including the development of laboratory-created organs for donation, and treatments for ailments including heart disease, diabetes and Parkinsons disease, among many others (Medical). Specifically, it helps better explain how human cloning cures diseases. However, because of the governments complete ban on it, human cloning technology cannot bring its advantage to medical area. However, advances in technology are always built on the basis of risk. Thus, if human cloning is delayed, it will be a loss of scientific success and a torture for many unfortunate suffers because the diseases could have been prevented. Besides the advantages of human cloning mentioned above, another huge benefit is that it could be used to protect environment and increase the amout of endangered wildlife. Luckily, scientists have successfully cloned some endangered ones. The recent report surprising success in cloning mouflon (a species of wild sheep) is notable for several reasons. The success rate was much greater than when the domestic sheep, Dolly, was cloned. It is also noteworthy that the donor nuclei were obtained from dead donor mouflon (Ryder 372, 373). The success of cloning a mouflon proves that cloning could be used to collect endangered wildlifes gene data. The activities of humans have led to the extinctions of many species. If we have a gene database of endangered species, we can maintain the ecological system by saving endangered plants and animals. According to a video of Sky News, British scientists are using a pioneering form of cloning to help save the northern white rhino from the brink of exti nction. There are only nine of the animals in captivity and even fewer out in the wild (Sky News). It proves endangered wildlife could be protected by the technology of cloning and thus to maintain the ecological system. Therefore, maybe after several years, pandas can be seen in every country around the world. In short, cloning technology plays an important role in fighting diseases and it can help people stay healthy as well. Simultaneously, cloning still needs some improvements because it is not absolutely safe at the moment, and it has the possibility that it might lead to a lot of harms and disasters. Personally, I am of the opinion that cloning should be encouraged in a right way because I think its advantages are greater than its disadvantages. There is an old saying that goes No pains, no gains. Technology is improving, and social is making progress as well. Finally, it is true that social morality is important, but the projects which are beneficial to mankind cannot be measured based solely on the standards of morality.

Case Study: P.F. Chang serves its workers well Essay

It is suggested by various text books and management tutors alike, that the mastering of the four functions of management; Planning, controlling, organising and leading along with developing technical, human and conceptual skills, should go some way to allowing a manager some degree of success in the field of management. Of course, having skills is just part of being an effective manager, these skills and functions must be communicated in a way that fellow managers and workers can understand and act upon. The case study of P.F. Chang, a U.S based chain of ‘Asian Bistros’ and ‘contemporary Chinese diners’ â€Å"P.F. Chang serves its workers well†, indicates a number of systems in place by the company that allows its managers to plan, organise and lead their workers and control the final product. The communication process is also aided by processes in individual restaurants. Of course, any individual is responsible for their own behaviour and young mana gers develop their own ‘style’ over time, but for a P.F. Chang manager certain skills need to be mastered to assimilate themselves with the culture and values of the company. Of the four management functions that a manager at P.F. Chang would require to manage a restaurant effectively, it could be argued that leading is the most important. The ‘Leadership Grid’ of Robert Blake and Jane Mouton (Schermerhorn, et al., p246) illiterates a scale of ‘concern’ for both people and production. The case study of P.F. Chang restaurants shows the company’s concern for its people, (‘P.F. Chang serves it’s people well’). It can, therefore, be assumed that on the Blake and Mouton scale, the concern for people is ‘high’. As both restaurant managers and workers achieving the ‘shared purpose’ of customer satisfaction. A P.F. Chang manager, would according to the Blake and Mouton grid, be required to adopt the management style of a ‘Team Manager’. As noted in the case study, most the workers are ‘typically young’ and that could present challengers. Developing a ‘hu man’ management skill would be very beneficial for a P.F. Chang manager due to the make up of the most of workers at each restaurant. In a recent study of Generation Y hospitality workers, it was concluded that even though there was a desire by the respondents to work less hours to ensure a positive work/life balance, â€Å"employee engagement can mean high commitment in recruitment, retention and performance.† (Axwell, 2010). Further reading into the management of the members of Gen Y (those born after 1980 and the most likely the age group that makes up the staff members at P.F. Chang’s) show that certain styles of leadership are called for. Eisner suggests that â€Å"Gen Y workers tend to have unbridled energy, endless enthusiasm, and the skills and experience of those much older [and] they should be managed with a coaching style† (Eisner, 2005). Obviously, not all workers at P.F. Chang will be Gen Y, and of course, not all Gen Y employees will respond to the same style of management. So the effective P.F Chang restaurant manger would need to have an awareness of how different style of manag ement would motivate each worker. Each manager at P.F. Chang’s may bring their own beliefs on what makes them effective as a manager. This could prove to be a hindrance if the individual manager is not open to learning (and putting into practice) a different style of management, subsequently re-evaluateing their approach to how they manage their restaurant to bring themselves in line to P.F. Chang’s corporate values. Emphasising that different generations may require different management strategies, Axwell explains that â€Å"Compared with other generations, Gen Y tends to have less respect for rank and more respect for ability and accomplishment. Expectations should be explained to Gen Y from the outset, including the big picture and how they fit into it.† (Axwell, 2010) Along with many other businesses operating in the current economic environment, P.F. Chang’s business relies on customers discretionary spending and P.F. Chang makes a point of putting their customers’ satisfaction at the forefront of their business. This position is illustrated in the 2010 financial report of P.F. Chan g which stated that the company’s aim was to â€Å"strive to create a loyal customer base that generates a high level of repeat business in our restaurants and translates to interest and trial of our retail products [however] Our business is highly sensitive to changes in guest traffic and our operators concentrate on consistent execution of superior customer service while also focusing on additional opportunities for operating efficiencies† (P.F. Chang, 2011). Some workers may struggle with the concept of ‘exceptional customer service’ and a P.F. Chang manager must find ways to organise those workers to meet the companies expectations while upholding the companies values of openness and respect. The case study mentions that ‘restaurant managers face the challenge every day of putting the right person in the right job, creating a team that works well together’. At P.F. Chang, staff meet before every work shift where the manager is able to organise staff, reminding them of them of their duties for which ever role they may occupy. This meeting could also give the manager an insight into which member of the team may be feeling unmotivated and time could then be made to talk to the team member and discuss any issues. By delegating tasks from a manger to an employee it conveys a sense of trust in the worker, and sense of empowerment. Furthermore, it gives the manager more time to complete other tasks. This delegation is evident at P.F. Chang. The case study notes that by giving servers authority to replace meals and the ‘freedom to make decisions’ there is a reported positive impact on staffs attitude and performance. Regional Vice President, Roxanne Pronk says that those freedoms extended to employees have ‘a huge impact on their attitude and performance’. Some research, however has found that not all employees actually want extra freedom to decisions. A front line service worker in a 2008 survey of the empowerment made the comment that they were not paid to make decision, stating â€Å"that’s a supervisor’s job, that’s not my job† Other respondents mentioned they wanted extra money for doing extra things, and they see it (empowerment) as extra things to their work (Ueno, 2008). Conversely, it is suggested that some employees are more likely to improve their behaviour when given added responsibility while others may resent it. A manager should be aware that a ‘one size fits all’ approach where the assumption is that every member of the team wants added responsibility is unfair, not just on the individual worker who is happy with their current work load and level of responsibility, but also for any particular worker who desires increased responsibility, but does not get it. As noted in Chen et al â€Å"managers need to make judgments regarding whom to empower and to what extent† (Ford, Myron, Russ, & Millam, 1995) Ueno concludes that â€Å"empowerment can improve both customer satisfaction and employee attitudes and behaviour† but also â€Å"that high empowerment does not necessarily represent high service quality while low empowerment does not inevitably correspond to low service quality† (Ueno, 2008). Information such as this could help the P.F Chang manger in organising workers, assigning roles that the employee feels comfortable with, acknowledge that while some employees will enjoy extra roles and increase their engagement, some may not and the encouragement of taking on more responsibility may actually be detrimental to the business. Being able to master the managerial functions and skills is, of course, only one part of the process for a P.F. Chang manger. How the information is conveyed to the staff of the restaurant is another set of skills that would need to be achieved. Good leaders tend to be good communicators who find ways to overcome barriers to effective communica tion. Restaurants by their nature of being a place where many people gather can be nosy places, the kitchens that serves the talking customers can be even noisier and servers waiting on tables do not generally have access to work stations with computers where they can regularly check email or other forms of electronic notifications. It would be important for the manager to establish systems for effective communication with the staff. One such system seems to have been established, as the case study mentions â€Å"every work shift †¦. begins with a staff meeting†. As noted in the case study, this meeting is used primarily â€Å"to motivate workers to head into their shifts with an upbeat outlook†, and as noted earlier, serves as a function for managers to organise staff according to their strengths. From a communications perspective, this meeting would also be the perfect opportunity for managers to disseminate information that could be useful for front line staff members to pass on to customers, for example, changes to menu items. P.F. Chang’s also places emphasis on respect and open communication between its managers and staff. As noted in the case study, managers sit down and discuss if and how workers external issues may be affecting their performance at work. Part of developing this ‘human skill’ which is essential for a task such as this is ‘active listening’. Schermerhorn, et al. state that â€Å"when people ‘talk’, they are trying to communicate something. That ‘something’ may or may not be what they are saying† (p 462). Further to this, Schmerhorn et al also show that different ways of communicating are more effective than others. This ‘channel richness’ or â€Å"the capacity if a communication channel to effectively carry information† (pg 456) argues that face to face meeting can be much more effective in conveying information than ‘hard copy’ like postings or bulletins. In addition to P.F. Chang managers conducting staff meetings before every shift, they also are engaged in discussions with their staff regarding performance issues. With these meetings being face to face, they would be ‘personal and two way’ and thus, ‘high in richness’. Any outcomes and possible agreements made between the manger and employee to meet a specific target to improve performance is more likely to be understood by the employee. Conversely, by sitting down and having a chat, the manager would gain a broader understanding of any issues that may be resulting in the change of behaviour or lack of engagement on the employee. Having open communication between the manager and employee also seems to have benefits for the business. Authors of a study which looked at service worker behaviour found that â€Å"conformance to service standards [are] more likely to be met if service standards are communicated and understood by all members of the organization, including line employees. Thus, open communication between frontline employees and managers is important for achieving service quality† (Chen, 2010). Developing skills for effective communication for the P.F. Chang manager is of course the key to this communication process being effective, along with having an awareness of barriers to effective communication. Age, gender or generational differences can also prove to be a barrier. Returning to a broad example of younger employees â€Å"Gen Y workers tend to look for instant gratification [and] tend to be constant negotiators and questioners, ‘how’ meetings become ‘why’ meetings† (Axwell, 2010) The afore mentioned poor channels of communication like bulletins along with the more subtle areas such as negative body language and other non-verbal communication and a lack of active listening skills may be covered in the training that P.F. Chang’s gives it restaurant managers. As with a lot of large chains, the overall di rection of the business would come from senior management. Planning as a function of the business as a whole, would therefore not be within the gambit of specific P.F. Chang restaurants managers. Of course, a degree of planning would be required and an awareness of this process would be important to the successful management of the restaurant. Schermerhorn, et al. describe planning as â€Å"the process of setting objectives and determining how to accomplish them† (p20). Referring back to the case study, a P.F. Chang manger may set objectives based on the engagement of their staff. For example, reducing absenteeism on days of the week when the restaurant is busiest. The achievement of this objective may be helped by the attitude adopted by the company in dealing with staff whose’ performance does not meet the company standards – an initiative directed by head office, but implemented at restaurant level. Ultimately, the managerial function of control is important to ensure the final product meets the required standard, in the case of P.F. Chang, the experience of diners – from the service to the food. As Merchant points out â€Å"the need or controls over any particular behaviour or operation within an organization depends very simply on the impact of that area on overall organizational performance. Thus more control should be exercised over a strategically important behaviour rather than over a minor one, regardless of how easy it is to control each† (Merchant, 1982). There are many issues that a restaurant manager must contend with on a day to day basis that will have no direct relation to people management, but due to the importance that the restaurant staff have to the overall business, this is the area that the most time should be devoted too. It can be assumed that controls for managing customers satisfaction would at first managed at restaurant level, indeed, the case study highlights that â€Å"the server has the authority to replace a meal†. Should this not be enough to satisfy the complaint of the customer, it may be escalated to the restaurant manager. Since all employees receive â€Å"extensive training† and their employee hand book, it could be assumed that managing customer complaints would be included in this. Once again, the control function would be lead by directives from further up the management chain, but the restaurant manager (and server) would be equipped with the skills and expectations on how to engage with dissatisfied customers. Schermerhorn, et al states that â€Å"the task of a manager is to bring the organisations resources into alignment with its purpose in a way that is sustainable in the organisations operating environment† (p 19). The case study ‘P.F. Chang serves its workers well’ highlights some of the processes that are established throughout the company that can assist the restaurant manager in effective management of a restaurant. For a restaurant manager at P.F. Chang, the goal of maintaining the motivation of the team of restaurant workers is the skill that would most need to be mastered – the function of leading – through a thorough understanding the workers being lead, how they might be thinking and how they wish to be managed, along with a healthy dose of leadership theory. Similarly, by knowing the personalities of the team, they can be organised to ensure a more productive work business. Those who are facing issues outside of work and those who want more responsibility (and those who don’t) can be managed accordingly. The P.F. Chang restaurant manager has surport from head office by way of systems in planning, but should know that control over staff and how they interact with the customers is of paramount importance. And finally, the P.F. Chang manager must acquiesce effective communication skills lead and motivate in the most effective way, and organised the team with the members that are willing and able to perform varying tasks assigned them and manage discuss in respectful and constructive way when controls in place to ensure performance targets are not met. Bibliography Axwell, G. (2010). Generation Y’s Career Expectations and Aspirations: Engagement in the Hospitality Industry. Journal Of Hospitality And Tourism Management , 60. Chen, H. R.-J. (2010). Empowerment in hospitality organizations: Customer orientation and organizational support. International Journal of Hospitality Management , 422, 424. Eisner, S. P. (2005). Managing Generation Y. SAM Advanced Management Journal . Ford, R. C., Myron, F. D., Russ, D. E., & Millam, E. R. (1995). Empowerment: A Matter of Degree. The Academy of Management Executive . Merchant, K. A. (1982). The Control Function of Management. Sloan Management Review , p. 48. P.F. Chang. (2011, Febuary 16). Form 10-K for P F CHANGS CHINA BISTRO INC . Retrieved January 18, 2012, from Yahoo Finance.com: http://biz.yahoo.com/e/110216/pfcb10-k.html Schermerhorn, J. R., Davidson, Poole, Simon, & Chau, W. &. (2011). Management. Milton, QLD: John Wiley & Sons Australia. Ueno, A. (2008). Is empowerment really a contributory factor to service quality? The Service Industries Journal , 1329.