Finance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Finance - Research Paper Example Many metrics have been developed to ease this process. Faced with too much information, Investors at times get confused with no clear indication of what the true prices of stocks should be. (Penman, 2003). Under such circumstances, the investor either make decision based on his or her instinct, such investors according to Penman (2003) are intuitive investors while others who make their decision based on capital market efficiency are referred to as passive investors. This part of the question addresses the performance of a new venture to be set up to enable us make informed judgment as to a hold a buy or sell decision. Thus, the objective of this question is to analyse the liquidity, the profitability and solvency position of the new set up from information extracted from the projected profit and loss account, the balance sheet and the cash flow statement. The report do not only provide a financial overview of the new venture for the projected three years period. The question also, guide potential investors on where the business is coming from and where it is heading to. Gross profit margin assumes that in the absence of other expenses what percentage of sales comes to the corporation as profit, while net profit margin takes into consideration all the expenses and measures what percentage of sales comes in as profit after all the other expenses must have been deducted. It is important to note here that, ratio analysis in them is useless except when compared with the industry benchmark or other competitors. 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Sales 488000 536312 589943 Cost of Sales 277650 358168 392947 Gross Profit 210351 178144 196996 Operating Profit/Loss 39441 84173 93080.8 Percentages % 2010 2011 2012 Growth in Sales (%) 10.0 10.0 Gross Profit Margin (%) 43.2 33.1 33.4 Net Profit Margin (%) 8.1 15.7 15.8 From the above analysis and interpretation, one will see that our proposed new venture is a feasible and profitable business. While gross profit margin for the first three years under projection is above 30%, net profit margin also portrays a favorable situation. Analysis of Capital Employed According to Penman (2003), assets and liabilities are distinguished based on the nature of the operations the underlying operation and the funding structure. The underlying operation is represented by the operating assets of the business. Operating assets are also known as capital employed - the amount of capital that is employed in the business. Here, it is defined as being the total assets without any deduction for the creditors of the business. 000s 2010 2011 2012 Key Data Current Assets 131079 167081 229919 Fixed Assets 33362 89033 127526 Total Assets 164441 256114 357445 Percentages % 2010 2011 2012 Current assests 80 65 64 Fixed Assets 20 35 36 Key data & ROCE 2010 2011 2012 Total Assets 164441 256114 357445 Profit Before Interest& Tax 52588 112230 124108 ROCE (%) 32 44 35 This ratio ROCE measures how well a business has performed in terms of the capital used to carry out the daily operations. According to Penman (2003), it is a key performance indicator and may show a decline even though the net profit margin has gone up. This will reveal the fact that the increase in

Mousetrap dump truck and separation system project Essay

Mousetrap dump truck and separation system project - Essay Example The goal of the minor project is establishing innovation and creativity by using a critical way of problem solving. It aims at designing a dump truck –truck used for transportation of loose material. A distinctive dump truck is characterised by an open-box bed hinged at the back, the front can be lifted allowing deposition of the contents on the ground at the delivery site. The core concept of task two is to utilize energy of a mousetrap to make the device mobile for 5 metres in a straight line. The second section of the project is the separation box which is supposed to separate the different sizes of the balls when hit. However, the description of the project is to utilize light, simple, flexible, inexpensive and available materials. There are various materials that the group used to design a lightweight truck model e.g. light carton, disks, BBQ sticks, light fishing line, bottle tops, mouse trap, rubber band and small pieces of cloth hangers. In addition, the group used three materials in designing the separation box: cartoon, BBQ sticks and wooden sticks. Tools involved: glow gun, balloons and tape. In a nutshell, the project should demonstrate innovation of a lightweight truck in the simplest way possible. The concept is to capture energy from a mouse trap to allow it to move for 5minutes along a straight path. The box holding the balls is strateg ically placed high above the body to allow the balls to drop in the separation box. Pieces of cloth hangers are used to improve flexibility. Initially, the project had three possible designs. Numerous factors had to be considered to adopt one as the final plan. Figure 4.1 shows the first design –mouse trap car-the second design consisted of a large coca cola bottle. Figure 4.2 is an illustration of the final design. Before settling for the design in figure 4.2, several tests were directed to eradicate all flaws

Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius

Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius A Biflavone and a Plant Sterol Isolated from Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. Ivan L. Lawagai,* Suad Naheedb, Mohammed Mosihuzzamanc, Allan, Patrick G. Macabeoadeg, Erickson Paragasefk, Peter Prokschh, Alicia M. Aguinaldoaeg Keywords: Antidesma, Antidesma bunius, Amentoflavone, Betasitosterol, biflavone, sterols 1. Subject and source Antidesma bunius (Linn.) Spreng. (Euphrbiaceae) ‘‘bignay† is a common plant found throughout the Philippines. The bark is poisonous as it contains an alkaloid thus, is used medicinally. The leaves are acidic and diaphoretic, and, when young, these are boiled with pot-herbs, and employed by the natives in syphilitic infections (Quisumbing, 1978). The leaves are sudorific and are employed in treating snakebite in Asia (Morton, 1987). The leaves of Antidesma bunius, commonly known as â€Å"bignay†, are traditionally used by native Filipinos to control diabetes (Lawag et al., 2012). Fresh leaves were collected from the hills of Brgy. Agustin Navarra, Ivisan, Capiz Province in January 2009. The plant was identified by Asst. Prof. Rosie A. Madulid and a voucher specimen (USTH 5357) is deposited at the UST Herbarium, Botany Laboratory, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas (UST), Manila, Philippines. 2. Previous work Dammara-20, 24-dien-3ÃŽ ²-ol and friedelin were isolated from the stem and leaves of A. bunius (Hui and Sung, 1968). In 2008, Samappito and Butkhup identified the flavonoids catechin, Procyanidin B1 and Procyanidin B2 from the fruits and Gallic acid, quercetin, catechin and epicatechin were also detected from the fruits of A. bunius (Santiago et al., 2005). 3. Present study 3.1. Extraction and isolation Dried and ground leaves Antidesma bunius (1610 g) were extracted with 80% ethanol to give a green syrupy extract (240.0 g) which was subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC) using solvents of increasing polarity starting with hexane, hexane-dichloromethane (1:1), dichloromethane, dichloromethane -ethyl acetate (1:1), ethyl acetate, ethyl acetate-methanol (1:1), and methanol to give seven fractions. The fifth fraction (4.04 g) was further fractionated twice on silica gel packed on VLC using solvents of increasing polarity starting from hexane and ending with methanol giving five fractions each, respectively. Fraction three which was purified twice on silica gel using hexane-dichloromethane (1:1) and hexane-dichloromethane (95:5) furnished 1 (16.13 mg). Isolation of 2: the fourth fraction (12.34 g) after VLC was chromatographed on silica gel using 5-10% gradients of methanol in dichloromethane to give ten fractions. Fraction three (42.3 mg) was further purified using Sephadex LH20 using 20% gradients of methanol in DCM to give 2 (5.9 mg). (1)(2) 3.2. Identification of purified compounds The compounds were identified as Stigmast-5-en-3ÃŽ ²-ol or ÃŽ ²-sitosterol, a plant sterol, (1) (Balamurugan et al., 2012) and (Sosinska, et al., 2013) and 3,8-biapigenin (Amentoflavone), a biflavone (2) (Chari et al., 1977) and (Ryu et al., 2010) on the basis of their IR, LR-EIMS, LR-ESIMS and NMR (1H NMR, 13C NMR, 1H-1H COSY, HMBC and HSQC) spectral data and by comparison of spectra reports with the literature. 4. Chemotaxonomic significance Other Antidesma species like A. menasu (Risvi et al., 1980a), (Risvi et al., 1980b) and A. pentandrum (Chen et al., 2004), (Kikuchi, 1983) are known to contain plant sterols. A. puncticulatum is known to contain flavonoids (Nuengchamnong and Ingkaninan, 2009), while A. laciniatum was reported to contain both plant sterols and flavonoids (Tchinda et al., 2006). The isolation process that was presently preformed on the ethanolic leaf extract of A. bunius afforded compounds 1 and 2 which were coherent to the compounds that were previously isolated or reported from the other Antidesma species. Although the said compounds were reported for the very first time in A. bunius, compound 1 was also reported to be present in A. pentandrum (Chen et al., 2004) and in A. laciniatum (Tchinda et al., 2006), while compound 2 was reported to be present in A. laciniatum (Tchinda et al., 2006). This further establishes the chemotaxonomic relationship of A. bunius towards the other species of the genus Antidesma. Although plant sterols (Hui and Sung, 1968) and biflavones (Samappito and Butkhup, 2008), (Santiago et al., 2005) were previously reported in the leaf and bark extracts A. bunius, this is the first report that indicated the presence of ÃŽ ²-sitosterol (1) and Amentoflavone (2). Compounds 1 and 2 therefore add up to the list of isolated and identified compounds from the leaves of A. bunius. References Quisumbing, E., 1978. Medicinal Plants of the Philippines. Katha Publishing Inc., Quezon City, Philippines. Balamurugan, R., Stalin, A. and Ignacimuthu, S., 2012. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 47, 38 – 43. Chari, V. M., Ilyas, M., Wagner, H., Neszmelyi, A., Chen, F., Chen, L., Lin, Y., Lin, Y., 1977. Phytochemistry 16, 1273 – 1278. Chen, Y.C.; Cheng, M.J.; Lee, S.J.; Dixit, A.K., Ishikawa, T., Tsai, I.L.; Chen, I.S., 2004. Helvetica Chimica Acta 87 (11), 2805 – 2811. Hui, W. H.; Sung, M. L., 1968. Australian Journal of Chemistry 21(8), 2137-40. Kikuchi, H., Tensho, A., Shimizu, I., Shiokawa, H., Kuno, A., Yamada, S., Fujiwara, T., Tomita, K., 1983. Chemistry Letters (4), 603 –606. Lawag, I., Aguinaldo, A., Naheed, S., Mossihuzzaman, M., 2012. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 144(1), 217 – 219. Morton, J., 1987. Bignay. p. 210–212. Fruits of Warm Climates. Julia F. Morton, Miami, FL. Nuengchamnong, N., and Ingkaninan, K., 2010. Food Chemistry 118, 147 – 152. Samappito, S.; Butkhup, L., 2008. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 11 (13), 1654 – 1661. Santiago, D.M.O., 2005. MS Thesis University of the Philippines, Los Banos. Sosinska, E., Przybylski, R., Hazendonk, P., Zhao, Y. Y., Curtis, J., 2013. Food Chemistry 139, 464 – 474. Rizvi, S. H. Shoeb, A. Kapil, R. S. Popli, S. P., 1980. Experientia 36. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel (Schweiz). Rizvi, S., Shoeb, A., Kapil, R., Popli, S., 1980. Phytochemistry 19 (11), 2409 – 10. Ryu, Y. B., Jeong, H. J., Kima, J. H., Kima, Y. M., Park, J., Kim, D., Naguyen, T.T.H., Park, S., Chang, J. S., Park, K. H., Rho, M., Lee, W. S., 2010. Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry 18, 7940 – 7947. Tchinda, A..; Teshome, A.; Dagne, E.; Arnold, N.; Wessjohann, L., 2006. Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Ethiopia 20 (2), 325 – 328. Current Affiliations: iChemistry Department, Adamson University, Ermita, Manila, Philippines. jJinnah University for Women, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan kDepartment of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164, USA * Corresponding author. E-mail address:*[emailprotected] (I.L. Lawag)

The Effect of Legal and Illegal Immigrants in the United States :: Immigration Cause Effect Essays

For many years the United States of America has been held by many to be the land of opportunity where everyone can achieve their dreams. Like in any area of the world the immigration and migration of people both legally and illegally shapes our country’s population and the economy. In the United States there are millions of illegal immigrants that struggle to find a way to live and then there are the legal foreign-born individuals that abide by our laws and still struggle to get by. A great deal of the population growth we have seen in the past and will see in the future is due to the immigration of foreign people into this land. As one studies our nation he can see there are many differences between the status and living conditions of natives and foreign-born population. There are many migrant workers that come into this country every year to work in the farms and industries that offer seasonal work with little pay. In light of the recent terrorist acts against this country t he immigration laws and border patrols are coming under greater scrutiny. Immigrants and Their Place in our Population There are all kinds of immigrants in the United States and they have different kinds of statuses. First of all there are legal immigrants that were foreign born but have become citizens of the United States. There are also people who come into the country legally and are given permission to live here permanently but are not naturalized citizens because they have either never applied for citizenship or do not meet a requirement for citizenship. We also have those who come here legally to stay for a set amount of time for things such as education, or work. On the other end of the spectrum are the millions of illegal immigrants that sneak into our country hoping to find asylum and a better way of life. As is apparent in any area that receives immigrants the influx of new people has an effect on population size and diversity. The Department of Labor expects the population of the United States to grow by around fifty percent over the next fifty years. They also say that immigration will have the biggest role in growth through mid-century and that other changes come only because of birth rate and death rates. We are to expect around 820,000 immigrants to arrive in our country every year not including those who come illegally.

Baroque Era and Rock Music

Baroque Era and Rock Music To understand the correlation between Rock music and the Baroque Era, one must look more in-depth towards each culture’s history and social norms. The Baroque Era’s musical style was prevalent during 1600 – 1750. It can be described as a time when the music went hand in hand with the architecture, paintings, and literature of its time.It was a time when musicians brought out more intense emotions within their Rock music, which was created during the 1950’s in the United States by an African-American named Chuck Berry; he used the same principles as musicians during the Baroque era and met the same parochial views by society. Musicians during both eras had several things in common, not just in their masterpieces, in their sociological environment. The Baroque era expanded our horizons with advances in technology such as the telescope, which helped us to gain a better understanding of the infinite.Enlightened thinkers such as Desca rtes, Hobbes, Spinoza and Locke tackled tough questions of existence. Foreign trade and colonization resulted in more people having direct contact with parts of the world that were previously unknown. Finally, this era led to the creation of a middle class in Europe, which heavily impacted the everyday citizen, and thus it’s music. During the Rock era the United States still had fresh memories of the great depression, a World War, and recently expanded middle class due to the military’s GI Bill, which paid for Ten’s of thousands veterans’ college tuition.The industrial revolution had transformed the country and intercontinental trade was unlike the world has ever seen; the influence of the roaring 1920’s Jazz era had bred a new generation leading to interracial music development. More importantly, a new tone and rhythm caused by integrating new technology such as electric guitars, and new style pianos were introduced. The Baroque era utilized new m usical instrument advancements such as string instruments and more importantly the first primitive piano.Musicians during both eras faced adversity with their new style of music. Antonio Vivaldi during the Baroque era was one of the first musicians whom were victims of censorship. (Arton) Naturally anytime there are changes there will be people who do not agree. This was more prevalent in the United States during the rock era because of their deep racial bigotry and segregation of blacks and whites; just like the Jazz era, early rock musicians were African American and therefore its sound was hated by some, but loved by the majority of the youth.Some felt their indigenous traditions were under attack resulting in religious propaganda referring to rock music as â€Å"the devil’s music. † It was believed rock music provoked â€Å"dirty† activities such as exotic dancing, and controversial references were sometimes made which invoked music censorship at radio stati ons. Some songs even were banned from the being played: â€Å"Radio stations ban Dottie O'Brien's â€Å"Four or Five Times† and Dean Martin's â€Å"Wham Bam, Thank You Ma'am† fearing they are suggestive†¦. The Weavers are blacklisted due to the leftist political beliefs and associations of several members. (Nuzum) Beyond the biased attitude from the previous generations lays a bigger correlation between the two: the artistic movement created and the influence it had on the world. Invoking rhythmic individuality and (Thornburgh) could have been arguably a stepping stone leading towards the civil rights movement in the United States. While the Baroque music style can be accreted to innovation and musical chorale. (Arton) Naturally there are differences in both styles of music such as its sound, implementation of vocal chorus, rhythm, texture, and its effect on their listeners’ emotions.Baroque music was meant to be listened to, there were no words, no abilit y to read it, and there were no recorders so it could be enjoyed later. Wealthy or privileged individuals at times travelled hundreds of miles to hear it, and left only with the memory of its elegance, a gentle hum in their ear, and excitement to hear it again. During the rock era, radio stations aired the nation’s favorite songs over and over, concerts were very affordable and popular for all classes, and the invention of the record player allowed its admirers to hear music whenever they esired. All styles of music have their own sound, texture, rhythm, and subtle meaning. Which is naturally why each is separated in different categories. Oddly enough the instruments used in several styles of music today can be traced back to the Baroque era. Drastically different sounds, but implemented many of the same tools. Rock music at times implements Baroque chorus in the background using the same principles Baroque music first did in Germany when they married the Chorale. (Arton)In t he video presentation we hear Chuck Berry’s 1958 hit song â€Å"Johnny B. Goode† and Antonio Vivaldi's Concert for â€Å"Two Flutes†. Both drive the audiences emotions of excitement however, both naturally have a completely different sounds. While â€Å"Two Flutes† provoke feelings of sophistication, class, artistic reminiscent, and calm enjoyment. â€Å"Johnny B. Goode† induces excitement and makes the audience want to dance, participate with vocal gestures and it often affirms the feeling of youth and fun. Both clips have their own artistic theme, texture and rhythm.Both styles of music styles are a like as they utilized the modern technology of their time, broke social norms, faced resistance from those whom didn’t accept change, and can be accredited with influencing social norms of their era which directly contributed to history as we know it today. References Nuzum, Eric. â€Å"USA, CANADA. † freemuse. Freemusepedia, 01 JAN 2001 . Web. 13 Jan 2013. . Thornburgh, Elaine. â€Å"Baroque Music-Part One. † Era of Baroque Music. n. page. Web. 13 Jan. 2013. lt;http://trumpet. sdsu. edu/M151/Baroque_Music1. html>. Arton, . â€Å"BAROQUE COMPOSERS AND MUSICIANS. † Historical context, Geography, Biographical Notes. internet arton publications. Web. 13 Jan 2013. Smith, . â€Å"What is â€Å"baroque,† and when was the baroque period?. † Baroque Music. Music of the Baroque. Web. 13 Jan 2013. . Richardson, Todd. â€Å"Baroque and Classical Influenced Rock Music. † merlinravensong. N. p.. Web. 16 Jan 2013.

Close Reading of Hope is a thing with feathers Essay

The language present in Emily Dickinson’s poetry is at times unclear, sometimes ungrammatical and can be found to be disjunctive. Dickinson wrote in distinct brevity, irregular grammar, peculiar punctuation and hand picked diction. Her poems were written in a circular manner, where she took the reader to one place and them swept them back to the beginning always relating one metaphor to the next. Dickinson was an intimate person throughout her life, and her poems reflect that lifestyle. Like her poems, she was never quite figured out. Dickinson wrote not for the audience to understand but for her own self expression by writing down the words as they came to her, with little regard to the conventional syntax or diction. In this poem Dickinson coveys a metaphorical description of hope through simple language to explain a complex idea present in everyone’s life. Dickinson’s poem â€Å"Hope† was written in both simple syntax and diction, but backed up with a strong meaning. Though the word order and punctuation are somewhat strange, the actual words are easy to understand on their own. However, what makes them interesting is how they relate to one another and how they play an important factor to the overall theme of hope. Throughout the poem the words chosen are those we use everyday and made up of one or two syllables. The plain diction that is used throughout most of the poem shows the naturalness of hope. Yet Dickinson breaks this flow with the word ‘extremity’ to show the burdens that hope can help one overcome. While hope is a difficult idea to grasp, Dickinson uses a simple writing style to explain hope in a philosophical view through the exploration of hope through all types of landscapes, such as the chillest land and strangest sea. â€Å"Hope† takes the reader on a metaphorical journey through personifying hope into a bird. In the first line â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers,† Dickinson’s choice of words helps describe how hope is anything with feathers, not necessarily something as concrete as a bird. By choosing to describe hope as â€Å"the thing† rather than a bird, she leaves room for interpretation while still painting a picture of the bird and its feathers. Hope is inanimate but by describing it as a thing with feathers she brings hope to life and creates an image of what hope may look like. By choosing hope to be a thing with feathers she sums up what hope really stands for, the ability to fly away, explore new places and start new adventures. Dickinson talks about how hope perches in the soul, which is an effective metaphor because it creates a sense of unpredictability. The word perch means to â€Å"alight upon† it, giving it a sense of unpredictability and unstableness. Much like when a bird rests upon a tree branch and at any given moment it can fly away to a new place. She could have chosen rested in the soul, but by using the word perched she wanted to leave an impression of fleetingness and unpredictability. Hope is described as a thing, different to everyone, yet it’s a spirit that lives within everyone’s soul. Dickinson chooses her words carefully and meticulously to create the image of what hope would look like and act like if it were a living thing. She describes hope as â€Å"the thing†, not something or anything. It implies that hope is one of its kind, hard to duplicate, unique, yet attainable by everyone. The chosen words leave enough ambiguity for the reader to go back and forth between hope being something as concrete as a bird and the feeling that lifts the spirits of a broken soul. Hope is not a bird, but it is birdlike, free, full of life and ready to fly away at a moments notice. Hope is birdlike in a sense that it sings all day without expecting anything in return. Hope is simply there waiting for someone to cease it. â€Å"And sings the tune–without the words,† in this line Dickinson once again takes the reader from the imagery of a bird to the feeling that hope brings to the world. She writes that hope sings the tune, making the reader see and hear the bird sing a song. Then she brings the reader back to an unclear version of that image when she writes, without the words. It is as if she wanted the reader to imagine a bird with all its freedom and happiness in its song, and then takes it all back and brings the reader to their own idea of hope. Dickinson also chose to make it clear that hope sings without the words because hope isn’t meant to speak, but to inspire and light the way for new beginnings. Without words, the tune is less definitive and not restrained to our own vocabulary. Dickinson, much like most humans, had trouble communicating their emotions orally. Because of his I believe that Dickinson chose to clearly express that hope sings without words. Humans are restricted by the connotations and definitions that words carry. However, birds aren’t restricted by words, they keep chirping their tune without a care. Dickinson conveys the sense of freedom that hopes delivers without any strings attached. Hope will remain in one’s life singing the tune, and it is up to each individual to make of hope what they wish. Hope has no words and because of this we do not know its’ intention, yet we know that it is always there for us because we hear its’ tune. The following line â€Å"And never stops at all,† refers back to the endless tune that a bird chirps throughout the day. This line also creates a contrast with the preceding line that uses the word perch. While perch creates and feeling of unpredictability, the last line of this stanza contradicts itself when it states that hope never stops at all. These two contradictory terms were carefully chosen to once again paint the image of how hope may be personified as a bird. While a bird may chirp throughout the day without hesitation or the confusion that words might bring, a bird eventually stops or their song gets drowned out by the noise. While Dickinson wants to create a sense of eternal hope, she also wants to show that while hope will also be there, people tend to lose touch with it, much like a bird could at any point in time lose its perch. Though there is no sense of loss explained in the poem, the word perch creates this feeling as it stands for something that is not ete rnal. Throughout the entire poem Dickinson makes a point to state that hope is all around us and always perched on our souls. During the rough times and the good times, hope will always be there waiting to pave the way. Dickinson ends her poem with a extremely powerful line, â€Å"Yet, never, in extremity, It asked a crumb of me.† Hope is not just a a thing anymore, it is a selfless thing that continues to stand by your side and provide you with belief that things will work out. Yet it never asks for anything in return. Hope is unselfish, it will follow you through your darkest hours without an expectation of anything in return. It really helps illustrate what a crucial role hope played in Dickinson’s life. Dickinson’s word choice is not the only carefully chosen aspect of the poem, the simple rhyme chosen helps the poem and message flow easily to the reader. By rhyming only the second and fourth lines of each stanza, Dickinson creates a tempo for the reader. Much like beautiful lyrics, her poems come to View as multi-pages

Impersonal Statements in Spanish Subjunctive Mood

Impersonal Statements in Spanish Subjunctive Mood Impersonal expressions of the type es adjective que are almost always followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood. This is because such expressions usually indicate either a value judgment or a desire. Some Examples Es importante que estemos en la misma pgina. It is important that we be on the same page.Es sorprendente que nadie haya ido a la crcel. Its surprising no one has gone to jail.No es bueno que el hombre està © sà ³lo. It is not good for the man to be alone.Es posible que algunos sitios web no se muestren o funcionen correctamente en ese navegador. Its possible that some websites dont display or function properly in that browser.Es necesario que cierren las escuelas. Its necessary for them to close the schools.Es prohibido que la familia anfitriona aloje otros estudiantes. The host family is prohibited from lodging other students.Es interesante que el equipo gane. Its interesting that the team is winning.Es natural que yo està © enamorado de ti. Its natural that Im in love with you. As you might expect, the same holds true in other tenses: Era urgente que llegara a la ciudad. It was urgent for him to arrive at the city.Ser preciso que vayas a Buenos Aires. It will be necessary for you to go to Buenos Aires. Impersonal verbs with similar meanings and followed by que also are followed by a verb in the subjunctive: No me interesa que el equipo gane. It doesnt interest me that the team is winning.Importa que la familia reciba el dinero. It is important that the family receives the money. The main exception to using the subjunctive after expressions of the type es adjective que occurs when the impersonal expression explicitly states that what follows is factual: Es obvio que estoy preocupado. Its obvious Im worried.Es cierto que la familia est en crisis. It is certain that the family is in crisis.

THE DISAPPEARING CULTURES Essays - Body Modification, Cannibalism

THE DISAPPEARING CULTURES Essays - Body Modification, Cannibalism THE DISAPPEARING CULTURES LAM Mei Ling, Kate 14208040 GCPS 1005 (Section 12202) Feb 18, 2016 Dr. Kimmy Cheng Specific Purpose: To inform the audience three cultures that may soon disappear INTRODUCTION (Attention getter & Scenario)I.Please imagine that you are a tribesman, wearing only banana leaves and living in a tree house. Every day, you are in danger of being attacked and eaten by others. Also, your culture promotes rape and murder of children. How your life will be like? Do you believe society like this really exists? (Goodwill bond & Credibility)II.Like many of you, it is hard to believe that such cultures exist nowadays until I saw a couple of documentaries. (Relate to audience)III.With the desire to understand the diverse world, you might also curious about the unique ways of living that are totally different from us. (Background)IV.Actually, tribal people throughout the world are fighting to preserve their cultures against the incursion of modernization that ridicule their rights and ways of life. (Reveal purpose)V.Today, I would like to share with you three cultures that may soon disappear. (Preview structure)A.Cannibalism is practiced among the Korowai B.Lip plates wearing is practiced among the Mursi C.Rape ritual is practiced among the Samburu (Transition)[Let's start by looking first at the Korowai culture with the least population.] BODY (Quotation) (Similes) (Description) (Comparison) (Statistic) (Statistic)I.Cannibalism is practiced among the Korowai A.The Korowai attack others to eat human flesh 1.Korowai are among the very few tribes believed to eat human flesh a.A journal written by Paul Raffaele, Australian journalist who first reports the Korowai. 2.Human flesh is a dish important to their culture, like a Sunday roast or a kebab at the end of the day. a.Flesh is steamed by an oven made from leaves and rocks. Legs, arms and ribs are cut off separately and wrapped in banana leaves. b.Flesh tastes like Cassowarybirds like Turkey. B.The Korowai built tress house to avoid being eaten 1.140-foot high tree houses, deep within the rain forest are designed to protect them from attackers. C.The Korowai lack medicine to heal their injury 1.Rain forests are full of microbes and germs that they don't have related knowledge. a.When somebody dies of disease, it is mysterious to them. They believe the death is caused by a khakhua, a witch man who comes from the hell. 2.They usually die before middle age. 3.There are about 3,000 tribe members left. (Transition)[In short, the Korowai is living in the society of fight and cannibalization. While Korowai culture promotes hurting others, there is Mursi culture promote hurting their own body. Lets move a little bit to the west of the world to see the Mursi culture.] II.Lip plates wearing is practiced among the Mursi (Statistic) (Statistic) (Example) (Example) (Example)A.Wearing lip plates is a change of identity 1.To change from girl to woman a.Lip plates wearing imply a woman as productive and ready to serve husband. b.Teenagers start to stretch their lower lips at 13 years old. c.Finally, the plates they wear can reach 8 to more than 20 centimeters. Some of their lower teeth have to be removed to accommodate them. B.Wearing lip plates is an appropriate manner of women 1.To attend important ritual events a.Weddings b.Stick fighting competitions 2.To associate with the grace of womanhood a.Calm b.Quiet c.Hardworking d.proud C.Wearing lip plates is a commitment to their lives 1.To serves as a reminder of a commitment to marriage a.Women are expected to throw away their lip plates and never wear them again if their husbands die. 2.To serves as a reminder of her ties to her culture a.The Mursi relate the holes in their lips to almost every aspect of their lives: the health of their cattle, the availability of water, the fate of their children, and so on. ( Quotation & transition)[As idiom said Beauty is in the eye of beholder, stretching lips is positive and significant to the Mursi, although it is considered as self-harm and unacceptable in the eyes of other cultures like us. Apart from stretching lips, there is also another practice promote rape that is considered as terrifying and unethical among other cultures. Lets move a little bit more to the west of the world to see the rape ritual of Samburu culture.] III.Rape ritual is practiced among the Samburu (Definition) (Antithesis) (Example) (Metaphor)A.Beading is an engagement for sexual purposes 1.A male of close family relative contact a girl's parents with red beads and put the necklace on the girls neck. B.Necklaces is a sign of heartbreaking 1.Necklaces are not jewelry let girl being prettier, but

The Best and Worst Trees for an Urban Forest

The Best and Worst Trees for an Urban Forest It has been determined by the United States Forest Service that nearly 80 percent of the U.S. population lives in urban areas that have developed a dependent  relationship with  the social, economic, and ecological  systems  near cities and suburbs.  Although quite  different from wildland forests, these urban forests have many challenges associated with healthy growth just as rural forests do. A large part of urban forest management includes planting the right tree for the appropriate site. The distribution of urban tree cover and the benefits of urban forests will  vary across the United States and requires addressing the challenges of sustaining this important resource with the best trees for every sites potential.   Top Trees to Plant in the Urban Landscape Overcup Oak or Quercus lyrata: Actually, most  oaks are great in urban settings, but many are very slow growers, Overcup oak is also slow but quickly reaches 40.  It is recommended to plant in all but the Northcentral states.  Red Maple or Acer rubrum: This maple is a ubiquitous, wide-ranging, native tree. It adapts well to most soils and sites and thrives under urban conditions. It also is an early harbinger  of fall as it turns color well in advance of most eastern deciduous tree species.  White Oak or Quercus alba: This is the other oak recommended and can be planted in nearly every state in the US. It is similar to lyrata and easy to find in most nurseries.  Green Ash or  Fraxinus pennsylvanica: This tree is native to eastern North America and common west to Wyoming and Colorado but will grow in every state in the U.S. The tree is fast growing on moist sites and hardy once established. It is best grown as a single tree with adequate room to grow but to be avoided wh ere the emerald ash borer is endemic. Crapemyrtle or Lagerstroemia: This small tree is the most common southern street and yard tree planted in a wide range that encircles the US from New Jersey through the deep South, Texas, Southern California and to the Pacific Northwest. There are cold hardy  varies like Northern Crapemyrtle,  Lagerstroemia  indica  that can be planted through zone 5.Dogwood or Cornus florida: This small showy all-season tree is possibly the favorite of yards and parks in all of the United States (with the exception of the middle upper western states).Japanese Maple or Acer palmatum: These trees have extraordinary shapes and are very popular in yards and open landscapes. As with dogwood, they are not hardy  in the middle upper western states.Baldcypress or Taxodium distichum: This tree is becoming the most popular tree in urban landscapes. It is hardy in all but the driest of states.  Others include the red oaks, a return of disease-resistant  American elm varieties and American linden (American basswood.) Urban and city forests are an essential component of America’s â€Å"green infrastructure† which makes the care and management of these city trees extremely important. Having the wrong trees (many of which are invasive), when added to natural (insects, diseases, wildfire, floods, ice and wind storms) and social problems (over development, air pollution, and inadequate management) makes for challenges as urban expansion continues. Top Trees NOT to Plant in the Urban Landscape Mimosa or Albizia julibrissin:  short-lived and very messy in any landscape.Silver maple or Acer sacharinum:  very messy, ornamentally dull, aggressive rootsLeyland Cypress or Cupressocyparis leylandii:   quickly outgrows space, short-lived.Lombardy Poplar or Populus nigra: canker-prone, with litter and short life.Popcorn tree or Sapium sibiferum: invasive tree species.Chinaberry or Melia azedarach: Invades disturbed areas to become thickets.Royal Paulownia or Paulownia tomentosa:  Invades disturbed areas to become thickets.Bradford Pear or Pyrus calleryana  Bradford:  Invades disturbed areas to become thickets.Siberian Elm or Ulmus pumila:  Invades pastures, roadsides, and prairiesTree of Heaven or Ailanthus  altissima:  Forms dense, clonal thickets, highly invasive.

Qualitive Research Critique Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Qualitive Critique - Research Paper Example This is done in order to study the perception of shift from the paper dependent system of documentation to electronic method of documentation (Kelley et al., 2011). The study design is descriptive in nature as it is based on observations and surveys. The application of the electronic system permits accurate documentation of the information’s regarding patients. The system is designed in such a way that the nurses are able to operate it efficiently and improve the flow of communication between the health centre, nurses, and patients. The electronic form of documentation also improves the final outcome that is the status of the patient’s heath when the person is discharged without any error (Kelley et al., 2011). The relationship between the nursing profession and electronic form of information recording is presented in the paper. The quality of the service provided to the patients is very essential for the overall success of the hospitality. The ‘Donabedian’s model of quality’ is used for the literature part as the model is familiar to most of the nurses as a method of data collection. The framework that presents the structure of the total work performed, the process followed and the ultimate result of the process implemented (Kelley et al., 2011). Moreover, questionnaire survey and interview was also conducted to derive accurate data from the respective sources. Many research papers of ‘Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed has been used in the articles. All the articles used are based on three components of Donabedian’s model. On the other hand, interview and questionnaire method is also used in the research to analyse the attitude of the nurses towards the electronic system (Kelley et al., 2011). Nursing documentation is a vital factor of nursing practice that needs maintenance for safety as well as ethics. The information

EnERGY WEDGES Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

EnERGY WEDGES - Lab Report Example Our group resorted to construction of an energy wedge, which we thought would be fit and endorsed by the whole world as a sufficient means of controlling carbon emission in the atmosphere by the years 2055. As a group, we opted for full implementation and use of renewable resources as the major and the cheapest means of energy production. The renewable sources coded with green color include the conservation of vegetation cover such as the forest. The trees and other vegetation cover absorb half of carbon produced by the atmosphere hence it is possible that if the vegetation cover is increased it can act as a means of controlling the amount of atmospheric carbon (UNEP, 2007). Other renewable source of energy includes use of wind as source of energy. Use of solar panels as a substitute for electricity is also a major way of reducing carbon as a source of energy. Others include soil cover, and use of bio-fuels. Our next energy wedge includes full use of nuclear power. I disagree with the group on this choice mainly because nuclear power faces poor political good will. Secondly, most of the countries always intend to use it as a weapon of mass destruction. The energy power is already designated using red color, which indicates danger. The next wedge included use of fossil fuel. I also disagree with the group based on their choice. The reason being this is not an immediate and easy way of cutting carbon emission in the atmosphere. I opt for efficient use of carbon energy sources in place of the use of biofuels. This is because it is already in use and it is easy to implement (Nesta, 2009). (Levy, A 2020 Low Carbon Economy) From the work sheet, it is evident that our energy wedge did not earn the interest of the taxpayers. This can be attributed by the use of nuclear power as a source of energy. The energy companies rated the energy wedges lowly for a reason

GW Restaurant Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

GW Restaurant Project - Essay Example Gantt, an American engineer and social scientist. There are now many other PM tools available, for project design, analysis, control, and decision-making, such as Microsoft Project 2002. The ultimate goal of the project is successful establishment of the new restaurant named GW Restaurant. The project is important for expansion of George Wright's empire. Team has become an increasingly important part of business success. Efficient people management can lead the project to good result, while inefficient one often becomes the main reason for project failure. Therefore a great responsibility is incumbent on project manager. The project manager has sole responsibility and authority for project and contract direction and control, however he or she may delegate single or multiple responsibilities. A Project Management Plan is commonly used to document key management parameters in a central location and is updated throughout the project focusing on recognition of changes in program planning and management of those changes. (WBDG Project Management Committee 2005) As Gray and Larson write, projects must have a defined endpoint - this is contrary to the ongoing duties and responsibilities of traditional jobs. (Gray, C.F. and Larson, E.W. 2000, p.2) Duration of the GW Restaurant Project is 52 days; it starts 1st October 2005 and finishes 9th December 2005. All project participants are working without overtime. I think that absence of overtime produces more effective and qualitative work of personnel. Also if something goes wrong, it would be possible to make the team work on weekend and in that way to keep time limits. The time schedule for the project is built based on the Work Breakdown Structure. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to provide a... As the report declar the ultimate goal of the project is successful establishment of the new restaurant named GW Restaurant. The project is important for expansion of George Wright’s empire. Team has become an increasingly important part of business success. Efficient people management can lead the project to good result, while inefficient one often becomes the main reason for project failure. Therefore a great responsibility is incumbent on project manager. The project manager has sole responsibility and authority for project and contract direction and control, however he or she may delegate single or multiple responsibilities. According to the report findings a Project Management Plan is commonly used to document key management parameters in a central location and is updated throughout the project focusing on recognition of changes in program planning and management of those changes. The time schedule for the project is built based on the Work Breakdown Structure. The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is used to provide a framework for breaking the GW Restaurant Project into Stages and Activities and then organizing them in a logical way. The critical path is a sequence of activities through a project network from start to finish, the sum of whose durations determines the overall project duration.

Service-Learning or AIDS WALK Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Service-Learning or AIDS WALK Experience - Essay Example The community received students with a perspective of professionals who had a purpose. Young and old, youth and elderly, the community members, enjoyed seeing the students walk from one corner to another attending to the sick, advising, teaching and activating for a better health in the society. To the students, they had a chance to explore the community needs and wants, apply the class work to practical service to the community and employ their skills in service delivery. The participants arrived at the starting point on time and were issued with T-shirts with the writings, â€Å"AIDS is Real† and â€Å"Anyone can be a victim†. The T-shirts were issued to all the people who had already bought their tickets to participate in the walk. We all were required to pay $ 20 per person to acquire the ticket. It seemed that people had bought the tickets in plenty since the walk attracted more than two thousand people. Everyone seemed jovial to participate in the walk. This walk was aimed at sensitizing the public about AIDS and raise money to assist AIDS victims. The walk started at 10 am and lasted for four hours. We all walked through the city streets in unison and felt as though we were a community. The walk organizers provided all the participants with bottled water and energy drinks, in the course of the walk. This walk had incorporated nearly all the celebrities and other public figures. As we all walked and ran through the city, the national army band thrilled all passersby and the participants. The band played lovely songs that motivated people to continue walking. At the end of the walk, we all converged at the City Hall grounds where the partners and facilitators took us through ways on how we should treat AIDS victims and how we should relate to them. At the start of the AIDS Walk, the participants had formed opinions about the service, partners and personal abilities. Most of the participants thought that the service targeted a specific ethnic group and that it was a disease for gay people. Needless to say, other participants had a mistaken assumption that the partners should help reduce the prevalence of AIDS through the use of drugs alone. The participants also had the misconception that people should not interact with AIDS victims. This makes AIDS victims feel alienated from the society making it extremely difficult for them to open up and share AIDS opinions with the public. Moreover, the participants underestimated their abilities before the start of the walk. Walking 10 kilometers seemed impossible to many of the participants, but they were all surprised. In addition, most of the participants believed that they lacked personal attributes of relating well with AIDS victims. After the walk, all the assumptions held by the participants were proved wrong. Notably, we all gained personal skills on how to treat and relate with AIDS victims. In essence, the students who engage in service learning gain the practical skills and their contexts to provide back to the community the learned skills as services in response to any identified community concerns. The aim of Service learning is to attain equilibrium between service and goals of learning (seifer 1988). This objective fosters critical thinking and ensures there is a connection between theory and experience or practice. The facilitators and the partners noted that AIDS was not a disease for a particular ethnic group and that anyone can be a victim. They cleared the air by indicating that

Risk Analysis(Costa Rica) - international management Essay

Risk Analysis(Costa Rica) - international management - Essay Example chicken, meat, fish, poultry products, and vegetables more than its demand could result to a higher possibility that the supply on-hand will rotten and depreciate its value over time. Unless XYZ would enter into a consignment contract with its suppliers, it is more likely that XYZ would experience a significantly financial loss. The same is true with other food items like canned goods. Over purchasing of slow-moving canned goods increases the supply chain risk associated with its expiration schedule. In some cases, the lack of sufficient supply for a particular consumer goods item could increase the business opportunity loss on the part of XYZ. As part of globalization, XYZ may decide to outsource some of its consumer goods item from other countries. In line with outsourcing, there is an increase supply chain risk associated with the increase of shipping cost due to the sudden increase in the world market prices of oil. As a result of inflation or a sudden weakening of the Costa Rican colon (colones) – the monetary currency in Costa Rica (BBC News; Costa Rica Guide), there is a higher possibility for XYZ to experience a decrease in its annual sales due to the higher market prices of grocery items and the fact that Costa Ricans could purchase less with their money. Having a population size of 4.5 million (BBC News) with 2.3% population growth rate (CostaRica.net) significantly contributes to potential market size for XYZ grocery store. However, there are also a lot of social or cultural risks associated with the types of food items and other non-food products solve at the grocery store. Given the fact that the population of Costa Rica is composed of different races including Ticos and minority groups like Indians, Chinese, Jews, and Black (CostaRica.net), XYZ should be able to accurately identify and consider the cultural aspects of each group in order to satisfy their individual needs and preferences when it comes to food and non-food items. For instance, a

Successes and failures of Mussolini Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Successes and failures of Mussolini - Essay Example Mussolini was among the leaders who laid the foundation for fascism in Italy. Fascism for these people included terms like nationalism, expansion, corporativism, anti-communism, social progress, propoganda, etc.. In the years that followed Mussolini tried to incorporate all these fascist ideolgoes into his policies and to a great extent was able to influence his people and gain the admiration of other political figures of that time. Some of the domestic policies he introduced from 1924-1939 were quite successful, the taming of the Pontine Marshes and the Lateran Treaty between the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy See being some of his successful achievements. Some of his policies resulted in improvement of job opportunities, and public transport. He was also able to achieve economic success in Italy's colonies and commercial dependencies. The policies Mussolini introduced can be divided into economic policies, political policies and social policies. As mentioned earlier, some were successful and some were failures. A perusal of these policies will enable us to evaluate Mussolini's successes and failures as a leader of a single party state. The idea of a corporate state was first introduced by Mussolini. ... Each syndicate came under the representatives of the Fascist party thereby ensuring that the state could intervene whenever the need arose. According to Mussolini "Fascism should more properly be called corporatism because it is the merger of state and corporate power." Mussolini (1932) on another occasion said "The Fascist conception of life stresses the importance of the State and accepts the individual only in so far as his interests coincide with the State. It is opposed to classical liberalism [which] denied the State in the name of the individual; Fascism reasserts the rights of the State as expressing the real essence of the individual." The Battle for Grain was a campaign that encouraged workers to produce more grain to make Italy self- sufficient. The State took over direct control of many banks and heavy industry. In production the focus was mainly on military production. Although some of Mussolini's economic policies failed, not all of his economic policies were failures. His overall economic policy worked well for Italy and there was some economic growth in Italy despite the world wide depression. His regime was the most productive in Europe, in terms of raw materials, especially in pig iron. The Battle for grain campaign resulted in a 50% increase in production between 1922 and 1930. However it also resulted in deficiency in the diet of the poor. Mussolini's political policies were all directed towards consolidating his power. Mussolini, being a a prime minister of a coalition government that had only35 fascists, could not exercise full control. So he kept all important posts like home affairs for himself. In his first speech, he asked for cooperation from members of parliament and

Risk Analysis(Costa Rica) - international management Essay

Risk Analysis(Costa Rica) - international management - Essay Example chicken, meat, fish, poultry products, and vegetables more than its demand could result to a higher possibility that the supply on-hand will rotten and depreciate its value over time. Unless XYZ would enter into a consignment contract with its suppliers, it is more likely that XYZ would experience a significantly financial loss. The same is true with other food items like canned goods. Over purchasing of slow-moving canned goods increases the supply chain risk associated with its expiration schedule. In some cases, the lack of sufficient supply for a particular consumer goods item could increase the business opportunity loss on the part of XYZ. As part of globalization, XYZ may decide to outsource some of its consumer goods item from other countries. In line with outsourcing, there is an increase supply chain risk associated with the increase of shipping cost due to the sudden increase in the world market prices of oil. As a result of inflation or a sudden weakening of the Costa Rican colon (colones) – the monetary currency in Costa Rica (BBC News; Costa Rica Guide), there is a higher possibility for XYZ to experience a decrease in its annual sales due to the higher market prices of grocery items and the fact that Costa Ricans could purchase less with their money. Having a population size of 4.5 million (BBC News) with 2.3% population growth rate (CostaRica.net) significantly contributes to potential market size for XYZ grocery store. However, there are also a lot of social or cultural risks associated with the types of food items and other non-food products solve at the grocery store. Given the fact that the population of Costa Rica is composed of different races including Ticos and minority groups like Indians, Chinese, Jews, and Black (CostaRica.net), XYZ should be able to accurately identify and consider the cultural aspects of each group in order to satisfy their individual needs and preferences when it comes to food and non-food items. For instance, a

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of education Essay â€Å"Education driven by passion awakens us to a world bigger than ourselves and makes us curious. Learning becomes self-sustaining as it transforms from a requirement to a desire. † First of all, what is a globalization education? A Globalization is a series of social, economical, educational, ethnological, cultural, and political changes that promote interdependence and growth. Globalization raises the standard of living in developing countries, spreads technological knowledge, and increases political liberation. The main cause of globalization is influence from other, more developed, countries. Globalization is a historical process that results from human innovation and technological progress. Creativity and technology are very important as knowledge. Especially technology because it had helped in many ways with educations. To me education is knowledge, success, intelligence, achievement. Education is the best because you can also teach others. I can just say that some people didn’t have education are just lucky to become who they are. For example, Thomas Edison, Henry Ford and many other super achievers never finished grade school. But They succeeded because they knew how to research, how to create certain activities to make them who they are. They also collect information for a selected project and process knowledge. Classroom environment does not work that way, it focuses on the collection of knowledge without a clear purpose, other than high class grades. If the purpose does not motivate, other than to please the teacher, then there is nothing to process outside of memorizing answers for test. The typical student is academic challenged while being motivation starved. Lack of motivation is lack of knowledge processing skills. The typical college graduate will have a professional skill that supplies life’s basic needs. Additionally, the globalization education in the world is the most powerful thing that can exist because it is the general base that people around the world have opportunity to learn things that didn’t learn before. From day to day education expand much more to the world and that’s the reason why technology became also more develop because people by doing research they are learning much more than they expected. Also while they are developing their knowledge they are also entertaining themselves. Technology in the globalization education allows certain people or nations around the world to stay closes. Moreover, we as a society are destroying our children’s right to a quality education. By introducing the standardize test we have only accomplish one goal; teaching our children how to take a test. It does not matter if they know the right answer it is multiple choice they have a one in four chance of getting it right. Standardize testing forces teachers to educate children one way. Children need creativity to learn. Our schools are heading in the same direction with the standardize test. Because children learn in different ways, we must introduce different styles of learning techniques into our schools. One way to do this is to encourage more creativity in education. The lack of creativity in teaching has been a significant issue in recent years. The report highlighted that children profit from using creative skills and by having these skills developed. It also suggested that creative teaching should be made part of all academic education. This was the first time that this issue had been fully recognized. In response to this report, the government has acknowledged the significance of developing the creative skills of children, as these could become essential in future workplaces. The Nation Curriculum recognizes that many employers want and need creative people: ‘Schools that promote creativity will ensure that pupils respond positively to opportunities and responsibilities and are better able to handle with new challenges as well as change and difficulty. Creativity helps teachers deliver the academic curriculum to students in an appealing manner. Further more, another basic source of learning is technology. Now a day, technology has become an important component in education. Especially the Internet that has allowed the world to communicate and allows even the people who cannot read to educate especially if the person is unable to go to school. They can do all their research on the internet. Everyday software makes people lives easier and improves on the technology. Making lives easier is not, however, the only role technology plays in our lives but it teaches us things we didn’t know and helps us learn more than we thought we couldn’t t learn. Technology is playing an increasing role in education. As technology advances, it is used to benefit students of all ages in the learning process. As technology advances, students have better access to educational opportunities like these. When something new and better is revealed, the older technology becomes more affordable, allowing it to be used in educational settings, even when schools are on a tight budget. Technology has also advanced to help children even before theyve started school. Educational video games and systems for young children help them prepare for school and in some cases get a head start on their education. Regardless of these arguments, technology is an important part of todays society and education. In conclusion, there are many ways we can try to improve the world. For example, not open to innovation, Teachers, and much more. Education is a vital part of society in which everyone plays a role. It is not only the role of parents and teachers to support a child’s education, but also the role of the whole society to provide a structure of living that supports what is being taught. Education is the way through everything. Lucky for us we have technology and much more to help us get through an education, so let’s not waste the advantage of education we have and learn something so we can make a better future.

Lab Scale Preparation of Gypsum Wallboard

Lab Scale Preparation of Gypsum Wallboard STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPOSED RESEARCH (State succinctly the problem which is to be addressed. Clearly outline the importance of the problem, the originality of the approach and the impact it may have on the field if successful. Give an overview of the broader significance as well as the immediate impact of this research.) The main purpose of this research is to create a gypsum wallboard with enhanced fire resistant property. Gypsum owns a property of combined water content, is a noncombustible and acts as effective fire proofing material. When heat from fire comes in contact with a plaster wall (or gypsum wallboard), it begins to lose combined water as steam thus making the hemihydrate form of gypsum (stucco) rehydrated and it reverts back to dihydrate. Wide range requirements such as fire resistant, increase moisture resistant can be achieved by the use of different calcining methods and additives. The wide applicability of gypsum is in construction. It is also used in the chemical industries In producing the fire resistant gypsum wallboards, the various properties of GWB like thermal, physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics are to be studied which plays a major role in controlling the spread of fire in buildings. Gypsum wallboard consists mainly of gypsum i.e. calcium sulfate dihydrate, CaSO4.2H2O. Calcium sulfate in nature is mostly available in two forms: Calcium sulfate dihydrate is commonly referred as gypsum, which is one of the oldest construction materials. It naturally occurs in sedimentary deposits from ancient sea beds. The most distinguishing feature of Gypsum is that it is moderately soluble in water at room temperature and exhibits a special feature of retrograde solubility i.e. gypsum becomes less soluble at elevated temperatures. Another form of calcium sulfate is the calcium sulfate anhydrite. At a temperature of 58 ËÅ ¡C Gypsum and Anhydrite coexist, also the anhydrite exhibits the strong retrograde property but it does not revert back to gypsum as its solubility decreases with increasing temperature. Gypsum wallboard is used to make interior walls and ceilings in residential and commercial applications that often require specific fire rated assemblies. Various types of gypsum wallboard are manufactured, with the most common variety and specialized varieties such as fire resistant, water resistant, and plaster lath. Combination of beta hemihydrates stucco, water and other additives form slurry which is used in the manufacture of the gypsum wallboard. Additives such as asphalt emulsion, vermiculite, chopped fiberglass and paper fiber impart to the wallboard characteristics such as water resistance, fire resistance and strength. The fire resistance property is mainly attributed to the absorption of energy related with the loss of hydrate water going from the dihydrate (CaSo4.2H2O) and from the hemihydrates to the anhydrous form (CaSo4). Impinging heat of gypsum wallboards initially operates to reverse the hydration reaction resulting in controlling the spread of fire and penetration of flame through set gypsum structures. Fire resistance can be achieved by using appropriate additives such as fiber, glass textile fibers, vermiculite, which expands when heated, which acts against the gypsum shrinkage. Because of its worldwide occurrence and huge potential reserves, however its uses are not considered basic to survival in a national emergency, gypsum is not considered a strategic mineral. This has permitted natural economic factors to prevail in the development of the mineral worldwide, which overall is a healthy situation that should continue to prevail. PLAN OF PROCEDURE (Outline the initial approach to the problem and its feasibility. Point out innovative features, relate it to previous work including pertinent references, and indicate how this plan may contribute to the solution of the broader problem proposed.) Gypsum manufacturing process consists of three main steps (1) rock preparation, (2) calcining and (3) formulating and manufacturing. Though we start with buying the gypsum material from one of the providers so the next important step ahead is the calcination process. Gypsum is usually referred to be CaSO4.2H2O. Calcium sulfate dIiydrate undergoes calcination to form hemihydrate (CaSO41/2H2O) or anhydrous form (CaSO4). Initially the calcination process was achieved by heating the raw gypsum material in an open environment, later on with the development in science calcination was achieved by heating the gypsum material in a kiln. Kinetic studies of calcination process plays an important role in determining the gypsum product parameters. We are interested in knowing the time, temperature and rate at which the calcination process can be achieved. Initially a small amount of the gypsum material is taken and X- Ray diffraction studies are conducted on it to know its composition i.e. CaSO4. 2H2O or CaSO41/2 H2O or CaSO4 .Later after determining the form of gypsum material, thermogravimetric studies (used for the determination of weight change at different temperatures and time) are conducted on the CaSO4.2H2O to determine the temperature and time required to convert from dihydrate form to hemihydrate and anhydrite form. Again the obtained product is first subjected to XRD and SEM studies to investigate the state of gypsum i.e. dihydrate, hemihydrate or anhydrous form. This can be studied by interpreting the obtained results with the earlier established results. Later gypsum powder is subjected to different temperatures at different time intervals to determine the time and temperature required for the calcination process to finish by using Thermogravimetric Analysis Instrument also Differential Scanning Calorimetry (which determines the melting and boiling temperatures) studies are also conducted to know the melting temperatures of the product Until now the calcination process is studied by using a very small amount of the sample in a laboratory environment, the obtained results from these experiments is used to correlate with the calcination process which is done in hot air oven by using a large amount of samples. The temperature obtained from the thermogravimetric studies is used as basis for the calcination process in hot air oven. These studies are done to know the reproducibility for large scale samples. This encompasses the first step in our research. The importance of these kinetic studies related to calcination is very useful to determine the conditions for achieving the hemi hydride from calcium sulfate which undergoes rehydration process i.e is addition of water molecules to the hemi hydride form to form the gypsum wallboard. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO41/2H2O) or Calcium sulfate anhydrite (CaSO4) undergoes rehydration in the presence of water. Rehydration plays an important role as it allows to add the additives such as glass material, vermiculite etc. to the slurry which is referred as stucco. Chemically stucco is referred as the hemihydrate form of CaSO4. These additives are added to increase the fire resistant property in addition to the strength of the wallboards. The kinetic studies related to the rehydration process are studied similar to the calcination step. These kinetic studies gives us scope for better understanding the process of gypsum wallboard. i.e the amount of water required for rehydration and also the amount of additives that can be added to the gypsum mixture to retain the chemical stability of the gypsum composition required for the wallboard manufacturing. Similar to the first step this step is studied for the time, temperature and rate of reaction in the open environment and later in the laboratory environment by using kettle. In the kettle the hemihydrate and hydride forms of calcium are reacted with the water and the obtained product is subjected to the XRD and SEM studies to determine the state of product. This is the second step in our research. The final step in our research is the lab scale preparation of gypsum wallboard which involves the dihydrate form of calcium sulfate react with the sufficient amount of water to form slurry. Theoretically about 18.6 parts of water is required to react with the 100 parts of gypsum but to get a slurry, excess of water (about 80 to 85 parts) is reacted with 100 parts of gypsum. In this step water along with 10-30 wt. % of starch such as corn starch is added to obtain milk of starch. Next about 0.1 -1.5 wt.% of amolytic enzyme such as ÃŽ ± amylase based on the starch is added and heated to the decomposition point of the starch with stirring. After the heating is stopped enzyme deactivating agent based on the starch is added in the range of 0.8 to 1.0 wt. % and mixed with water to obtain a starch paste. To the prepared starch material the calcination product is added along with water and vermiculite, glass materials which improve the fire resistance property of the gypsum wallboard. This mixture is agitated in slow motion to obtain a slurry. This slurry form of gypsum is poured into a paper sheets such as paper boards. The edges of the paper is folded upwards to retain the slurry form of gypsum. The other end of the product is covered with another paper material which helps to retain the structure of the gypsum board. This mixture is subjected to heating by using hot air press which is useful to remove the excess water and to obtain a specific structure of the gypsum board. This process is continued until all the excess water is removed. It is dried in the temperature range of 50 ËÅ ¡C-200 ËÅ ¡C. Starch paste such as denatured starch and dextrin is used as an auxiliary adhesive to prevent calcination of the crystal of gypsum dihydrate and dehydrated to give a gypsum hemihydrate in drying at high temperatures. Also to prevent separation of the gypsum core member from both paper board, hardening modifier are added to the raw material of the gypsum core member. It is effective that starch paste along with water in the gypsum core member and both paper boards migrate during drying at high temperatures, and cover the crystal of gypsum dihydrate due to water retention capability of the starch paste which developed into the fiber of the paper boards so as to prevent the calcination and dehydration of the crystals. The obtained wallboard is subjected to different analytical techniques such as Thermogravimetric analysis, Thermomechanical analysis, XRD, SEM and Differential scanning calorimetry as discussed in the calcination and rehydration step. BUDGET AND BUDGET JUSTIFICATION LAB SCALE PREPARATION OF GYPSUM WALLBOARD: Materials and supplies: A minimum of 50 pounds of raw gypsum is required to make the gypsum wallboard and test its fire resistant property by adding the additives such as starch, dextrose, glass fibers. Initially a wallboard is made without adding any additives and for that about 5 pounds of the powder is used and tested for its properties. Similarly by adding the additives wallboard are made and tested for its properties. If the properties observed are similar to the standard fire resistant properties, variations in the additives is done and another wallboard is made to test for its fire resistant property. This procedure is followed until a wallboard with improved fire resistance is observed. REFERENC5 ASTM C1396/C1396 M-01. Standard specifications for gypsum board. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2001. Yu, L.; Brouwers, J.H. Thermal properties and microstructure of gypsum board and its dehydration products: A theoretical and experimental investigation. Fire mater.2012, 36,575-589. Baux,C.; Melinge , Y.; Lanos , C.; Jauberthie,, R. Enhanced gypsum board panels for fire protection. J. Mater civil eng. 2008, 20, 71-77. Isa, K.; Oruno, H. Thermal decomposition of calcium sulfate dehydrate under self-generated atmosphere.Bull. Chem.Soc.Jpn. 1982, 55, 3733-3737. Borrachero, M.V.; Paya, J.; Bonilla,M.; Monzo, J. The use of Thermogravimetric analysis technique for the characterization of construction materials-The gypsum case. J.Therm.Anal.Cal.2008, 91, 503-509. Anderson, L.; Jannson, B. Analytical fire design with gypsum: Atheoretical and experimental study. Lund, Institute of Fire Safety design, 1987. Green, G.W,; Sundberg, D.G. Fire resistant gypsum- core wallboard. U.S.Patent 3,616,173.1971. Freyer, D.; Voigt.W. Crystallization and phase stability of CaSO4 and CaSO4 based salts. Monatsch chem.2003, 134, 693-719. Sultan, M.A.; Roy, P. Gypsum board fall off temperature in floor assemblies exposed to standard fires. 11th International fire science engineering conference, London, UK, 2007, 979-991. Thomas,G. Thermal properties of gypsum plaster board at high temperatures. Fire mater, 2006, 26, 37-45. Benichou, N.; Sultan, M.A. Thermal properties of light weight framed construction components at elevated temperatures. Fire Mater.2007, 31, 425-442. Wakili, G.k.; Hugi, E. Four types of gypsum plaster boards and their Thermophysical properties under fire condition. J.Fire Sci. 2009, 27, 27-43. Beard, A.; Carvel, R. The hand book of tunnel fire safety, ed.; Thomas Telford publishing; Heron Quay, London, 2005. Elliott, C. Plaster of Paris Technology. Chem. Trade J. 1923, 72, 725-726. Manzello, S.L.; Gann, R.G.; Kukkuck, S.R.; Lenhert,D.B. Influence of gypsum board type (X or C) on real fire performance of assemblies. Fire Mater.2007, 31,425-442. BUDGET AND BUDGET JUSTIFICATION 1

Impact Of Television Violence In Relation To Juvenile Delinquency :: TV Violence Television Cause Essays

When children are taught how to tie their shoes, it is because of how their parents showed them. When children are taught how to do math problems it is because how their teachers show them. With all of the role models how does television affect our children? Many adults feel that because they watched television when they were young and they have not been negatively affected then their children should not be affected as well. What we must first realize is that television today is different than television of the past, violence is more prevalent in todays programming unlike the true family programming of the past. EFFECTS OF TELEVISION - THE BEGINNING Questions about the effects of television violence have been around since the beginning of television. The first mention of a concern about television's effects upon our children can be found in many Congressional hearings as early as the 1950s. For example, the United States Senate Committee on Juvenile Delinquency held a series of hearings during 1954-55 on the impact of television programs on juvenile crime. These hearings were only the beginning of continuing congressional investigations by this committee and others from the 1950s to the present. In addition to the congressional hearings begun in the 1950s, there are many reports that have been written which include: National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence (Baker & Ball, 1969); Surgeon General's Scientific Advisory Committee on Television and Social Behavior (1972); the report on children and television drama by the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (1982); National Institute of Mental Health, Television and Behavior Report (NIMH, 1982; Pearl, Bouthilet, & Lazar, 1982); National Research Council (1993), violence report; and reports from the American Psychological Association's "Task Force on Television and Society" (Huston, et al., 1992) and "Commission on Violence and Youth" (American Psychological Association, 1992; Donnerstein, Slaby, & Eron, 1992). All of these reports agree with each other about the harmful effects of television violence in relation to the behavior of children, youth, and adults who view violent programming. The only thing that we know about the effects of exposure to violence and the relationship towards juvenile delinquency we gather from correlational, experimental and field studies that demonstrate the effects of this viewing on the attitudes and behavior of children and adults. Children begin watching television at a very early age, sometimes as early as six months, and are intense viewers by the time that they are two or three years old. In most cases the amount of televised viewing becomes greater with age and then tapers off during adolescence. ). The violence that is viewed

Nuclear Power :: Papers

Nuclear Power Entering the twenty-first century, six billion people inhabit the earth. A number that is expected to double in a hundred and twenty years, yet only 4% of that world population live in the United States. Even though the United States has only 4% of the population of the world, it still uses 25% of the world’s resources. Coal and oil are a major energy provider around the world, particularly in the US. Countries without these abundances have turned to nuclear energy, due to its supreme effectiveness. Nuclear energy produces more energy per unit weight than coal and oil, releases no pollutants into the atmosphere, and is less cancer causing than the burning of coal and oil. Yet nuclear power has been attacked in the US since the day that it was instituted as being a non-safe and environmentally non-friendly form of energy. Right now the United States does not have to worry about running out of fossil fuels for a long time, even though they generate 51.7% of the US’s power , and power almost all forms of modern transportation. But what happens down the road, when all of the natural resources are gone? In many countries, such as France, nuclear power is accepted and welcome. Why is this not the same way in the US? The media and all forms of entertainment have misconstrued the facts of nuclear energy. The word unsafe is synonymous with nuclear power in this country, but time has shown that there is so reason for this feeling. Americans do not hold the facts on this issue. They have the unwarranted fears of a mass and free speaking culture. Nuclear energy is safe, clean, and effective. The voice that is heard among the people is that nuclear energy is unsafe to the environment. There should be no debate about the environmental concerns of nuclear power. If there is anything that makes nuclear power unpractical it is government spending. Nuclear power is the cleanest form of power for a rapidly increasing world population. Nuclear reactors produce electri city by the fission of uranium, not the burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear power does not emit sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate soot, or greenhouse gases. In countries around the world nuclear energy is the largest source of emission-free electrical generation. Making one million kilowatt-hours of electricity in a natural gas power plant produces 550 tons of carbon dioxide. Producing the same amount in an oil-fired plant makes 850 tons of carbon dioxide and 1,110 in a coal plant.

Managerial Economics Essay

There are quite a few differences between Economics and Managerial Economics. Managerial Economics is micro in character while Economics is both micro and macro in character. Economics is both positive and normative science but the Managerial Economics is essentially normative in nature. Under Economics we study only the economic aspect of the problems but under Managerial Economics we have to study both the economic and non-economic aspects of the problems. Those are just a few distinct differences amongst many others. Economics is defined as the study of goods and services; the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services while Managerial Economics is a study of application of managerial skills in economics. The field of economics is broken down into two distinct areas of study: microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics looks at the smaller picture and focuses more on basic theories of supply and demand and how individual businesses decide how much of something to produce and how much to charge for it. Macroeconomics, on the other hand, looks at the big picture (hence â€Å"macro†). It focuses on the national economy as a whole and provides a basic knowledge of how things work in the business world. Microeconomics/ Macroeconomics and Managerial Economics have plenty in common. They all overlap in some form or fashion. Managerial economics is applied theory. Much of managerial economics applies the theories set forth in microeconomic theory. The relationship between the Microeconomics and the Macroeconomics are based on the result of choices made by each household and firms and some models of macroeconomics especially while originating the collective of production and consumption levels among both the branches of economics.

Case Analysis: Vasant Scribes

CASE ANALYSIS VASANT SCRIBES Kamia -D10007 Ramanjot- D10016 Tushar-D10025 BATCH EX-PGP (2010-13 ) The case talks about a medical transcription company, Vasant Scribes and the challenges faced by it in terms of growth. The revenues and company had stagnated and had tried various methods to diversify into higher value added areas of medical billing & marketing analytics that hadn't worked. The case highlights the steps that were taken and the options available ahead. Case Facts Vasant Chemicals Limited was the flagship company of the Vasant Group.After Being in the bulk chemical category for about 25 years, Mr. Chowdary, MD wanted to move into a new economy business. Vasant Scribes Ltd was the outcome of a Brainstorming by the promoter of Vasant Scribes, who had a desire to make a foray Into the IT services sector. With the help of consultants and internal reviews, the group Narrowed down on Medical transcription services as the main focus area to enter the Services business. Vasant Sc ribes transcribed about 100,000 lines of transcription per day. It had about 320 employees spread over 3 locations in Hyderabad.The Company also outsourced Some transcription work to franchisees in Vijayawada, Coimbatore and Kolkata. Phase 1: Initial years and growth pangs (1999-2001) The key challenges that the company faced during this phase were: 1. Establishing credibility in the US transcription market 2. Winning its first clients 3. Managing manpower and maintaining a redundant work-force. Phase 2: The years of rapid growth (2001-2004) In 2001, the company initiated a number of measures to improve marketing efforts, Including engaging the services of a US telemarketing services company.This strategy started showing results in the second half of the 2001. At the same time, the efforts in establishing a US based subsidiary and sending the COO to the US started paying off. Some of the key achievements of the company in this phase were as follows: This account catapulted Vasant Sc ribes from a small company to a Medium sized company 1. Wins of some medium sized clinic accounts. Most of the initial clients were a result of doorto-door campaigns. Subsequent wins were a result of references from these clients. 2. Winning a large account due to previous relationship and experience with the client. . Establishing sub-contractors in order to increase capacities without risk of redundant manpower. 1|Page Diversification Dilemma The idea to diversify was fueled by the desire to continue to grow rapidly while at the same time not exposing the company to the risks of continuing to operate in a single sector. There have been continuing discussions amongst industry players about the changing face of medical transcription including the role of technology. Some of the key areas that were considered for diversification included: ? ppraisal transcription (being similar in nature to medical transcription) ? medical billing and coding (being a natural forward integration into a high-end Outsourcing business) ? legal transcription/outsourcing (unrelated business) ? voice mail transcription (being a natural extension to medical transcription) ? marketing analytics (unrelated business) Phase 3: Challenges of diversification (2005-2007) Pursue medical billing business. It was viewed as a natural forward integration of existing medical transcription business. The medical billing ervices were offered under a different brand name of Vantage billing services to distinguish it from Vasant Scribes, which had already gained repute as a medical transcription client. Medical billing industry ? ? ? ? Medical billing process were more complex, sophisticated technological support Risky affair High level of negotiation (CFO level involvement in contract ) Fragmented Industry Marketing Analytics business overview The job of a service provider was therefore twofold to demonstrate that they had the capabilities and to show the potential client that there was a need. e make say, $1 per person per hour, we make $5 per person per hour in the case of medical billing and nearly four times as much in marketing analytics. We believe that the company must Continue to grow on the value chain for growth and survival. † Vasant Scribes Today With the issue of continued sustenance in medical transcription temporarily put away, the company was now gripped with the challenges of growing the medical billing and Marketing analytics businesses. 2|Page Some of the key issues before the management were OR Problem statement 1.Should the company continue to pursue the medical billing business? If so, How should it attempt to grow it? In the past, the company had looked at Potential acquisition of companies to gain initial credibility. Should the company pursue this option? Or, alternately, should the company look to tie-up with a reputed medical billing company in the US (essentially repeat the same trick as with medical transcription)? 2. Should the company continue to look to grow in marketing analytics, or Should it temporarily defer the plans until the establishment of the medical?Billing business? If the company were to aggressively pursue the marketing Analytics business, what should be the strategy? 3. Finally, since medical transcription had become a very large and profitable Business, should the company concentrate all its energies on this, and deemphasize The growth and diversification plans? Analysis 1) Yes they should pursue medical business only as a short term goal (as a variance) till the MTs business boom up, it should continue to do business with the US medical billing companies for contractual business. ) Market analytics is very lucrative business but requires more deployment of Resources in the form of talent manpower, continues technological upgrade, knowledge hunting, Market analytics cover the scope of Business intelligence and analytic tools, Data warehousing platform software, Performance management and analytic applica tions which was very new to Vasant scribes . Manpower hired for Business could be used in Market analytics expansion scope. They should study the markets & gather the resources to enter the analytics’ market meanwhile continue with the MTs & Medical billing business.They should adopt GO TO MARKET STRATEGIES that depend on ever finer segmentation of target audiences by industry, region & organization size. The momentum, Diversity & size is huge in business analytics market annually 3) Vasant Scribe should deemphasize the growth in Medical billing services & should focus on MTS & Market analytics service, MTs would be have volume business & Market analytics concentrated on high margin, the scope explore by Nasscom reviled big revenues generation source for Indian IT companies due to weaker going US employment. Thus creating win-win situation for both (US & INDIA CO) . 3|Page

Gender Biologically Determined Essay

Drawing upon ethnographic examples from 2-3 societies. Gender being ‘biologically determined’ means that whether gender is inherited or passed down by genetics. If a person is a man or woman, (which is usually called ‘The Sex’), that is biologically determined because they inherit the chromosomes to be born a man, or to be born as a woman. In the early 1970’s sex was described by â€Å"biology as: anatomy, hormones, and physiology† (West and Zimmerman 1987). Apart from gender being a biological factor, there are other things which are not biologically determined; â€Å"Gender was an achieved status, which was constructed through psychological, cultural and social means† (West and Zimmerman1987). Hence the answer to the question â€Å"is gender biologically determined?†Is no, Gender is a socially constructed phenomenon. Gender refers to a set of roles people perform in their communities, which are their values and attitudes that people have toward man and woman (Bonvillain 2006). In this essay, the topics which would be discussed to support this argument are Gender Identity with examples of how men and women are expected to act, walk, talk and dress in a certain manner which is suitable in their society, Gender and Sexuality with the examples of culturally in-built norms of sexual behaviour, along with existing issues surrounding sexuality, and finally Gender and Status with an example of male dominance in Traditional Chinese society. Gender identity is defined in terms of how people (i.e. men and women) are supposed to behave in the social category. Their attitudes and the way the dress, talk and carry themselves in the public are encoded â€Å"in a set of cultural assumptions† which are based on the culture’s values and roles and people are expected to learn these as they are a part of that society (Bonvillain 2006). Each culture has certain ‘norms’ for gender and these ‘norms’ vary from culture to culture, most of these norms have a universal common pattern and people seem to dwell on these social constructs as they make a living based on these ideologies. â€Å"Cultural constructs are models of behaviour and attitudes that a particular culture transmits to its members. These constructs are shared beliefs and values that become taken for granted guiding principles† (Bonvillain 2006). There are so many ways that these socially constructed behaviours are exhibited in different communities, the messages about how each man and woman should act depends upon several factors such as language and religious beliefs. Men and Women were distinguished based on their clothing, what they were allowed to wear as a man and woman, hence publically signalling their genders, men wore pants and had other bodily arts such as tattoos while woman adorned dresses, jewellery and make up. This made up the very basic structure of Gender Identity. Apart from, the basic examples of gender identity, there are several other cases where women and men have unequal identities, one such case is the, Identity inequality of men and woman in family farms. In today’s world, Gender revolves around being the fact that women are less recognised than men, and are subjected to work which are in the shadows of confinement. That being the generalised factor, the study of the ‘European family farm’ only made this issue recognizable to the world. Farms were considered to be the dominant agricultural production in the capitalist countries (Brandth 2002). The study used theories of gender role and identity, explaini ng the issue in the form of discourses. In the 1990’s questions were being raised towards identity of women and men in the rural farms, these questions eventually shifted towards feminism (Brandth 2002). â€Å"Discourses are forms of power. They constitute minds, bodies, identities of individuals as parts of wider networks of power relations† (Brandth 2002). It was used in the context of giving out a meaning towards the differences of men and women, there were three discourses formulated by Hirschman, called as the exit, voice and loyalty. Women, who didn’t want to be subjected to unequal status left the system, some used their voice to protest against it, while others simply were loyal and confined themselves to the household activities. The law stated that the ‘family farm’ should be passed on from father to son, since women were considered weak and have no access and knowledge of property and agriculture. Women only came into this, only by marriage. Hence, the male leads the family into it, he allocates what job has to be done, and he participates in forums decisions, and doing so he becomes publically recognised. Since women are adaptable and flexible, their tasks are confined to household chores, and these tasks are unpaid and not recognised as productive output from them. On the other hand, men’s identities were tied to their ownership of the farms, their occupation and the productive outcome which give them status and economic income. â€Å"Real work was equated with physical tasks and women’s self image is based on the absence of such qualities† (Brandth 2002). In recent days, with the improvement of farming technologies, the female work, such as milking cows, and so on are now being done by these improvised machines, making women less efficient and thus making farming a whole masculine activity (Brandth 2002). Hence with this example it is clearly pointed out that the social construct differentiates an d distinguishes men and women. Apart from gender being differentiated by a social construct, there are factors which raised questions and studies in the society, one of such being gender and its relation to sexuality. There is always a taboo when it comes to sex, and it seems to be a common pattern in the world. Even though, we have sexual feelings and we practice them as it being a part of nature, it is also deeply influenced by culture (Bonvillain 2006). Culture teaches people what is the right thing to do, in what way, when, where and so on. There are a lot of examples where culture intervenes and states the ‘norms’ under which the people in that society or community should behave sexually. For example, sexual relationship between members of a nuclear family or distant relations is prohibited in most cultures. There are other countries which have the legal age of having sex, which are usually the Americans and Europeans, where the legal age is 16, so if a person indulges in a sexual relationship wi th a person who is below 16 it is considered against the law and will be filed for statutory rape (Bonvillain 2006). Other regions such as India, sex before marriage is considered as sin based on the cultural beliefs, whereas in American society it is inappropriate to have sex if you’re not husband or wife (Bonvillain 2006). While in some countries where sex could be considered as normal, other societies, like Islamic countries for example, any adultery committed by a male or by a female is severely punished, or most commonly stoned to death (Bonvillain 2006). But this isn’t the only issue considering sexuality, the most recent yet shocking development, is homosexuality between men and woman. â€Å"Homosexuality was considered to be a violation of the natural law† (Bonvillain 2006). People were only meant to engage in heterosexual activity (between man and woman) to reproduce. During the 1980’s indulging in homosexual activity was considered in crime, people were imprisoned when caught doing so. But in 2003 some parts of the United States, suspended the law, and made hom osexuality legal, soon European countries such as Canada, Belgium, and Netherlands passed an act which approved of homosexual weddings (Bonvillain 2006). If one digs deeper into this issue, where these debatable, one can find that it roots back from religions. Most religion disapprove of homosexuality but in religions such as Hindu, for sexuality, scriptures of homosexual activity only stated that it was normal and natural, to be attracted to the same sex (Bonvillain 2006). But in today’s society the main issue is regarding the issue of males being attracted to each other, an example of this issue is ‘Homophobia of men’. Homosexuality is considered to be a cultural construct, which apart from the ‘lesbian identities’ gave rise to the ‘gay identities’ (Herek 1986). It is common for normal men, to avoid influencing with homosexual men, as they fear what the public might think of them being judged as not ‘masculine’, where as its more normal for woman to associate with lesbians or homosexual women, as they are not being judged by the rest of the females (Herek 1986). Studies showed, that the social construction of gay identities meant that there was something psychologically wrong with that person, it was never attributed to the fact that homosexuality is more of a social construct than something being wrong with the individuals mental state (Herek 1986). Gay men are more scared to come out, or feel comfortable about their sexuality in the public than gay woman. The reason for this is because, men look for other men’s approval to gain the status of being ‘a man’ (Kimmel). â€Å"We are under the constant careful scrutiny of other men. Other men watch us, rank us, and grant our acceptance into the realm of manhood. Manhood is demonstrated of other men’s approval. It is other men who evaluate the performance† (Kimmel). As mentioned earlier, men look for other men’s approval, and because of this gay men are subjected to stigma and discrimination (Herek 1986). As a result, they develop ‘defensiveness,’ an unconscious defence mechanism (defined in psychodynamic terms). This helps them avoid or repress their homosexual tendencies (Kimmel). To summarise, gender is not biologically determined because people have the free will to choose their sexuality (i.e. they are not born being homosexuals, it is clearly a social construct). Gender roles, is defined as a set of rules or rather guidelines towards the behaviour of men and woman. The rights and duties, attitudes and behaviours of men and women constitutes of how they are culturally associated with gender (Bonvillain 2006). The works of men and women are separate, as in, men carry on doing work which they are culturally supposed to be doing and women do their work, based on what the norms of cultures tell them to do. When these two norms interact with each other, they reflect a lot of differences and changes in status, prestige and power of men and woman this is called as ‘gender relations’ (Bonvillain 2006). It is obvious that men are thought to be more superior to women as they are more power driven and physically stronger than woman. While, men get more prestigious and leadership jobs, woman are confined to their homely duties of being a house-wife or in other words a care- giver (Bonvillain 2006). This brings about the inequality of men and woman. There tasks which categorize what woman are capable of doing such as, caring for children and their husbands, cooking food, making clothes and other homely chores, while men on the other hand do more physical and dangerous tasks such as, hunting animals, conducting warfare etc, this is called division of labour (Bonvillain 2006). Gender and status are the most recent conflict and the most studied topic in today’s society. Gender equality, happens when both the male and female agree to equal rights and behaviours. Gender inequality happens when the male and female do not agree to equal rights, attitudes and behaviour (Bonvillain 2006). An example of this, is male dominance in china, the male adult, was the head of the family and they expressed their dominance over their children and wives. Traditional Chinese cultures had more Patriarchal gender relations (Bonvillain 2006). In conclusion, the question â€Å"is gender biologically determined?† is incorrect, even though gender has a biological definition, gender is mostly socially defined in this context. The tasks or norms which each gender (i.e. male and female) is supposed to perform in the society, is based on a social construct. They are not born to be who there are, instead these social constructions are in-built within them since childhood. Since they taught to act and behave in a specific way which is culturally approved. They choose to be what sexuality appeals to them and what each individualistic gender they are taught to be. Hence ‘Gender’ is strongly driven by culture. REFERENCES: West,C and Zimmerman, Don. 1987. Doing Gender. Sociologists for Women in Society 1(2): 125-155 Herek, Gregory. 1986.on Heterosexual Masculinity. American Behavioural Scientist 29(5): 563-577 Brandth, Berit. 2002. Gender Identity in European Family Farming: A Literature Review. European Society for Rural Sociology 42(3): 181-200 Kimmel, Michael. Masculinity as homophobia: Fear, Shame and Silence in the Constructions of Gender Identity. Bonvillain, Nancy. 2006. Chapter 10, â€Å"Gender† from Cultural Anthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Pp. 251-282. ISBN: 0-13-045545-8