Bush Meat: African Apes Essay

The African individuals, especially the individuals who live in and close to woodland regions, have been eating meat of wild creatures or bushmeat for quite a long time. They chased for resource, as bushmeat was a fundamental wellspring of protein in the woodland. Be that as it may, as Africa’s timberlands progressively become increasingly open through urbanization, the chasing for bushmeat in West and Central Africa is presently forming into a tremendous and very productive business exchange. Truth be told, bushmeat is presently being sent out to and sold in black markets in the United States and Europe, where bushmeat is treated as an extravagance food thing like caviar or shark meat. With the expanding interest for bushmeat all through Africa and the developing exchange that provisions it, bushmeat chasing is currently the best danger to Africa’s incredible chimp populace. Meats from chimpanzees, gorillas and bonobos may just be a little extent in the bushmeat exchange, but since these extraordinary primates duplicate more gradually than different vertebrates the chasing places them at risk for elimination. The nonappearance of parent chimps to support their young likewise represents a hazard to the extraordinary gorilla populace. Youthful stranded primates, since they still don’t have a lot of meat in them to eat, are being sold as pets. Preservationists contend that except if the bushmeat exchange is halted there would be not any more suitable incredible gorilla populace inside 50 years. There are three African incredible primates: bonobos, chimpanzees and gorillas. Each of the three are currently imperiled species. The resulting gorilla populace gauges gave here, except if in any case expressed, are from 1996 figures. Bonobos must be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo and were assessed to be 10,000-25,000 in numbers. Western chimpanzees, assessed to be 12,000, could at present be found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Cote d’Ivoire, Mali, Ghana and Senegal. This sub-types of chimpanzees are presently wiped out in Gambia, Guinea Bissau, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin. The focal chimpanzee populace was evaluated to be 80,000. They can even now be found in Gabon, Congo (Brazzaville), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Nigeria and Angola (Cabinda enclave as it were). The last sub-types of the chimpanzee is the eastern chimpanzee and could be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi, Rwanda and Sudan. Their populace was evaluated to be 13,000. There are likewise three sub-types of the gorilla: the western swamp gorilla, the eastern marsh gorilla and the mountain gorilla. The western marsh gorilla, with an expected populace of 110,000, live in the conditions of Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Congo (Brazzaville), Cameroon, Central African Republic, Nigeria and Angola. The eastern marsh gorilla, in the mean time, must be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its populace is evaluated to go from 8,700-25,500 of every 1998. In conclusion, the mountain gorilla is the least of all the extraordinary chimps. There are just around 600 of them and they could be found in the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda. Rose (1998) had refered to different investigations on bushmeat exchange across West and Central Africa. The bushmeat trade around the Congolese city of Ouesso done by Hennessey found that 64% of the bushmeat in the region originated from only one town and that a solitary tracker could have provided in excess of 80 gorillas every year. He likewise evaluated that 19 chimpanzees are slaughtered each year in the city. In the Sangha district, numerous trackers like to exchange their bushmeat at Ouesso as opposed to sell them at logging concessions on the grounds that in Ouesso they can sell it at a greater expense. As refered to by Rose, Stromayer and Ekobo had detailed that Ouesso and Brazzaville are the â€Å"ultimate wellsprings of demand† for bushmeat. There is additionally an extreme chasing of gorillas and chimpanzees in southeastern Cameroon. A large portion of the meats chased here are transported to the commonplace capital of Bertoua and to Yaounde and Douala where trackers could make more benefits. Bushmeat exchange is additionally present in towns close to Lope, Ndoki and Dja Reserves, and in city markets at Bangui, Kinshasa, Pt Noire and Libreville. In light of the investigations on bushmeat trade, Rose extrapolates that â€Å"the bushmeat exchange across central Africa could be in excess of a two billion-dollar yearly business. In the event that logging and chasing keep on extending unchecked, the quantities of monkeys and gorillas murdered for the cooking pot will increment. † A decent result is an extraordinary inspiration for trackers of bushmeat. Bowen-Jones (1998) said chimpanzee corpses in Cameroon could pay as much as $US20 to $25 each. The expansion in bushmeat chasing has been energized by general enhancements in foundation, which makes street access to woodlands and transportation to urban markets simpler. The developing wood industry, ruled by European-claimed organizations and progressively joined by Asian businesses, likewise expanded interest and encouraged the flexibly end. The ranger service representatives chase so they could accommodate their own needs. Business trackers proliferate to accommodate the necessities of ranger service laborers and different purchasers outside the forested district. Purchasers of bushmeat are the logging camp families, yet additionally restaurateurs and private eats in well off national capitals. Bushmeat is sold at costs going from two to multiple times that of hamburger or pork, the two of which are promptly accessible to shoppers in bigger towns and urban communities. The expanding accessibility of firearms additionally adds to the inescapability of the bushmeat exchange. The development of business in Africa additionally undermines the social legacy of African people group. As refered to by Rose (1998), Mordi’s investigation of perspectives toward untamed life in Botswana found that â€Å"contemporary Africans have lost their conventional ‘theistic’ veneration for natural life and many have taken on the harshest utilitarian view. † Rose additionally clarified that â€Å"tribal benefits of monitoring and securing non-human life are rendered profoundly inoperable, while new biological and moral establishments for supporting nature have not developed. † He additionally refered to Ammann’s talk in Washington DC to report that African clans that had before taboo the utilization of primates are currently starting to eat their meat. Rose further says that, in Africa, â€Å"A ‘live for today’ mentality wins. This holds for individuals attempting to make due, just as for affluent Africans. † Citing Hart’s 1978 investigation, Bowen-Jones (1998) announced that the change from means to business chasing started 50 years prior. Hart’s investigation of the Mbuti Pygmies of the Ituri woodland in the Democratic Republic of Congo found that the dwarfs had started reaching meat merchants during the 1950s. These meat brokers went with them to their woods camps to advance â€Å"intensification of conventional chasing techniques, for example, collective net drives. † Meat, at that point, was a methods for bargain. They traded it for iron apparatuses, tobacco or agronomically created food. In numerous different places in Central Africa, indigenous woodland occupants have likewise been exchanging meat for different items for quite a while. Bowen-Jones recommended that â€Å"This exchanging ethos, went with now and again by fluctuating degrees of pressure, has prompted a frequently various leveled structure in the recently flourishing business exchange meat from the woodland, where Bantu supporters [who are agriculturalists] utilize Pygmy trackers. In different cases, the chasing is done by outsiders pulled in by work or the possibility of bringing in cash by poaching and chasing. Notwithstanding, the shared factor is that, undeniably, creatures are pursued not for nearby utilization yet for the urban populace habitats, where request keeps costs high and moves others in the backwoods to chase. † Another issue presented by bushmeat chasing is the danger of transmitting risky illnesses to people. This is on the grounds that primates, being the nearest living family to people, harbor pathogens that likewise influence people. The Ebola infection, which is pestilence in chimps and gorillas, has been found to originate from dead bodies of primates and could spread during butchering. Researchers have detailed in an Independent Online article by Fox (2004) that the infection breaks out when individuals butcher chimpanzees, gorillas and little impalas. The Ebola infection had slaughtered 29 individuals in the Congo Republic in January 2004. Also, consistently expanded creature mortality consistently precedes the principal human cases. HIV, which causes AIDS, is likewise said to have been transmitted to people from primates. Chasing and butchering produces blood splatters which can without much of a stretch make infective mist concentrates. Rose (1998) announced that clinical researchers have found proof that focuses to western African chimpanzees as the first wellspring of the infections that causes AIDS. Bushmeat chasing â€Å"could transmit new types of SIV that could additionally extend the AIDS pandemic. The illicit bushmeat trade had before been seen as a natural life emergency. Be that as it may, presently, with proof supporting the exchange of plague sicknesses from primates to people, the bushmeat emergency reaches out from an issue of chimp elimination to a danger to human development. To summarize, the illicit bushmeat exchange is powered by: the expanding request all through Africa; the lessening social worship for untamed life; the quickly developing lumber industry: the improvement of ranger service foundation like streets, vehicles and camps; and the expanding accessibility of weapons. A portion of the results of an unregulated bushmeat trade are as per the following: helpless and jeopardized species, including each of the three African incredible gorillas, face termination; unprotected and unstudied species are placed in harm's way; the antiquated culture of African indigenous networks are endangered; and there is an expanded danger of transmitting hazardous maladies to people. Reference index: Rose, A. (1998). Developing Commerce In Bushmeat Destroys Great Apes And Threatens Humanity. Recovered February 22, 2007 from http://b

10 Jobs That Will Hire You Today, Even With No Experience

10 Jobs That Will Hire You Today, Even With No Experience Recently out of school? Searching for your first employment? Searching for a new position following quite a while of not being in the activity power? Need to get a new position in another field speedy? You may end up striking your head against the Catch 22 of requiring involvement with request to find a new line of work and afterward get said understanding. You may imagine that there are no nice paying employments worth taking that don’t require at least understanding. Be that as it may, you’d not be right. Here are various flawlessly steady employments that don’t expect you to have work involvement with that field. Remain in them joyfully, or use them as a venturing stone to other vocation moves.1. Authoritative AssistantWhat is esteemed most by individuals hoping to recruit an administrator colleague or an official secretary isn't understanding, yet aptitude. Would you be able to carry out the responsibility. It is safe to say that you are supernaturally sorted out? Excessively dependable, reliable, circumspect, ready to perform various tasks as well as anyone? Ready to get cleaning and handle secret lawful and money related data? Acquainted with word-handling, database, and spreadsheet programming? Would you be able to type? You’re recruited. Normal pay: almost $38k per year.2. Conveyance DriverHave a clean driver’s permit? Get work for a national, nearby, worldwide, or territorial organization driving conveyance vehicles. You’ll even have the advantage of a lot of planning adaptability and an opportunity to get your foot in the entryway at an organization. Normal compensation: somewhere in the range of $16-46k per year.3. Bill CollectorDidn’t even know this was work? All you need is a secondary school confirmation, great telephone way, and great client support aptitudes to have the option to help pursue up front installments from careless payers. This vocation is relied upon to become 19% in the following ten years and the normal pay ranges from $21-48k per year.4. Security OfficerAlways needed to be a cop yet don’t need to mess with all the preparation? Take a stab at being a security official for a place of business, a hall, a gallery, or a shopping center. You’ll must be on your feet more often than not, however you’ll land on-the-position preparing, adaptable hours, and the normal pay is over $35k per year.5. BartenderIf you can deal with the work, and make the beverages, and shield from overserving boisterous customer base, at that point you can bring in extraordinary cash behind a bar. On the off chance that experience is essential for one of these employments, it is for the most part as straightforward as going to a course or bartending school. What's more, you can make as much as $50k per year.6. School Bus DriverYou’ll must be tolerant and an extremely, safe driver, yet you can make somewhere in the range of $16-$40k driving youngsters to and from sc hool-with no related knowledge. You may even score some respectable benefits.7. Land BrokerYou need to take a 60-hour course and breeze through an assessment, however once you do, you’re qualified to be an agent. What makes a difference in this activity is more who you know and how expansive your system, instead of how long you’ve been selling houses. On the off chance that you’re great at deals and charming, this may be for you. It begins little, however the remuneration can be fiercely alluring. Normal pay ranges from: $30-227k.8. HR AssistantHelp screen work candidates for organizations (and get the hang of something all the while). You’ll get nice advantages and a serious pay (around $38k every year). What's more, the more aptitudes you have with PCs and correspondence, the happier you’ll be.9. ClerkConsider working at the neighborhood town hall, DMV, or metropolitan office. Regional authorities utilize a huge amount of individuals; you should be one of them! Experience necessities are extremely low, however benefits are high. What's more, the normal pay is around $38k.10. Link InstallerEver wonder about the person or lady who comes to introduce your link or web? Odds are you could have their activity with practically no experience. You’ll land on-the position preparing, obviously. What's more, relationship building abilities are an or more. Contact your nearby supplier to see about employment opportunities. Normal yearly pay: between $21-52k.

UK Teacher Numbers Drop by 10,000 in a Year

UK Teacher Numbers Drop by 10,000 in a Year The OE Blog A startling new government statistic revealed on the BBC News website has shown that the number of state school teachers in England has plummeted by 10,000 in a single year. Education Cuts The news comes amid rising fears that deep cuts to the education budget might be having an adverse impact on the quality of teaching throughout the English education system. First we saw lecturers and senior university teaching staff fighting for their jobs, leading to increased higher education class sizes and a competitive market system introduced for university places. Many feared this might lead to the commercialisation of the university sector, with the focus subsequently switching from academic excellence to customer satisfaction and value for money, as cuts forced universities to compete for applicants. Now commentators fear that a similar climate of belt-tightening is having an impact further down the education system, as the news of this sudden drop in teacher numbers is greeted by explanations of tight budgets and difficult financial decisions. The suggestion seems to be that with less money to go around, fewer teachers can be hired and many are even losing their jobs. Department for Education Excuses Ironically, the Department for Education told the BBC News website that the reason for the apparently shocking drop in numbers was simply the fact that many schools are becoming academies and thus organising teacher employment independently of the state system. But with more than half of schools in England applying for academy status, this seems unlikely to be the reason, as the 10,000 figure doesn’t seem high enough to fit such an explanation. In addition, it is ironic that the Department for Education should cite academies as a reassurance, when many of those concerned about the failing English state school system are particularly worried about the diversion of funds into new academies rather than focusing on the improvement of already unsatisfactory state school facilities. Downgrading Staff? Another interesting statistic that may shed some light on the problem is the news that the number of teaching assistants in English schools has trebled in the past decade. This strongly suggests echoes of the same situation we have seen spreading throughout other employment sectors since the onset of the recession, where more senior, highly-paid employees are gradually decreased as younger, less-experienced staff are brought in in low-paid roles to replace them at a cheaper rate. This is similar to the problem in the business world at the moment where many university graduates are finding themselves working their socks off in unpaid internships as companies juggle lower budgets but try to achieve the same high work output. Whatever the reason, such a dramatic drop in teacher numbers is unlikely to be allowed to be swept under the carpet â€" the Department for Education is going to have some more explaining to do before too long.

Criminal Justice and Your Constitutional Rights

Sometimes, life can take a bad turn. You’ve been arrested, arraigned, and are now set to stand trial. Fortunately, whether you are guilty or not, the U.S. criminal justice system offers you several constitutional protections. Of course, the overriding protection assured to all criminal defendants in America is that their guilt must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt. But thanks to the Due Process Clause of the Constitution, criminal defendants have other important rights, including the rights to: Remain silentConfront witnesses against themBe tried by a juryProtected from paying excessive bailGet a public trialGet a speedy trialBe represented by an attorneyNot be tried twice for the same crime (double jeopardy)Not to be subjected to cruel or unusual punishment Most of these rights come from the Fifth, Sixth, and Eighth Amendments to the Constitution, while others have come from the decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in examples of the five â€Å"other† ways the Constitution can be amended. Right to Remain Silent Typically associated with well-recognized Miranda rights that must be read to persons detained by the police prior to questioning, the right to remain silent, also known as the privilege against â€Å"self-incrimination,† comes from a clause in the Fifth Amendment which says that a defendant cannot â€Å"be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself.† In other words, a criminal defendant cannot be forced to speak at any time during the detention, arrest and trial process. If a defendant chooses to remain silent during the trial, he or she cannot be forced to testify by the prosecution, the defense, or the judge. However, defendants in civil lawsuits can be forced to testify. Right to Confront Witnesses Criminal defendants have the right to question or â€Å"cross-examine† witnesses who testify against them in court. This right comes from the Sixth Amendment, which gives every criminal defendant the right to â€Å"be confronted by the witnesses against him.†Ã‚  The so-called â€Å"Confrontation Clause† has also been interpreted by the courts as prohibiting prosecutors from presenting as evidence oral or written â€Å"hearsay† statements from witnesses who do not appear in court. Judges do have the option of allowing non-testimonial hearsay statements, such as calls to 911 from people reporting a crime in progress. However, statements given to police during the investigation of a crime are considered to be testimonial and are not allowed as evidence unless the person making the statement appears in court to testify as a witness. As part of the pre-trial process called the â€Å"discovery phase,† both lawyers are required to inform each other and the judge of the identity and expected testimony of the witnesses they intend to call during the trial. In cases involving the abuse or sexual molestation of minor children, the victims are often afraid to testify in court with the defendant present. To deal with this, several states have adopted laws allowing children to testify via closed-circuit television. In such instances, the defendant can see the child on the television monitor, but the child cannot see the defendant. Defense attorneys can cross-examine the child via the closed circuit television system, thus protecting the defendant’s right to confront witnesses. Right to Trial by Jury Except in cases involving minor crimes with maximum sentences of no more than six months in jail, the Sixth Amendment assures criminal defendants the right to have their guilt or innocence decided by a jury in a trial to be held in the same â€Å"State and district† in which the crime was committed. While juries typically consist of 12 people, six-person juries are allowed. In trials heard by six-person juries, the defendant can only be convicted by a unanimous vote of guilty by the jurors. Typically a unanimous vote of guilt is required to convict a defendant. In most states, a non-unanimous verdict results in a â€Å"hung jury,† allowing the defendant to go free unless the prosecutor’s office decides to retry the case. However, the Supreme Court has upheld state laws in Oregon and Louisiana allowing juries to convict or acquit defendants on ten-to-two verdicts by 12-person juries in cases where a guilty verdict cannot result in the death penalty.   The pool of potential jurors must be chosen randomly from the local area where the trial is to be held. The final jury panel is selected through a process known as â€Å"voir dire,† in which lawyers and judges question potential jurors to determine if they might be biased or for any other reason unable to deal fairly with the issues involved in the case. For example, personal knowledge of the facts; acquaintanceship with parties, witnesses or attorneys occupation which might lead to bias; prejudice against the death penalty; or previous experiences with the legal system. In addition attorneys for both sides are allowed to eliminate a set number of potential jurors simply because they do not feel the jurors would be sympathetic to their case. However, these juror eliminations, called â€Å"peremptory challenges,† cannot be based on the race, sex, religion, national origin or other personal characteristics of the juror. Right to a Public Trial The Sixth Amendment also provides that criminal trials must be held in public. Public trials allow the defendant’s acquaintances, regular citizens, and the press to be present in the courtroom, thus helping to ensure that the government honors the defendant’s rights. In some cases, judges can close the courtroom to the public. For example, a judge might bar the public from trials dealing with the sexual assault of a child. Judges can also exclude witnesses from the courtroom to prevent them from being influenced by the testimony of other witnesses. In addition, judges can order the public to leave the courtroom temporarily while discussing points of law and trial procedure with the lawyers. Freedom from Excessive Bail The Eighth Amendment states, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† This means that any bail amount set by the court must be reasonable and appropriate for the severity of the crime involved and to the actual risk that the accused person will flee to avoid standing trial. While the courts are free to deny bail, they cannot set bail amounts so high that they effectively do so.   Right to a Speedy Trial While the Sixth Amendment ensures criminal defendants a right to a â€Å"speedy trial,† it does not define â€Å"speedy.† Instead, judges are left to decide whether a trial has been so unduly delayed that the case against the defendant should be thrown out. Judges must consider the length of the delay and the reasons for it, and whether or not the delay had harmed the defendant’s chances of being acquitted. Judges often allow more time for trials involving serious charges. The Supreme Court has ruled that longer delays can be allowed for a â€Å"serious, complex conspiracy charge† than for â€Å"an ordinary street crime.† For example, in the 1972 case of Barker v. Wingo, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a delay of over five years between arrest and trial in a murder case did not violate the defendant’s rights to a speedy trial. Each judicial jurisdiction has statutory limits for the time between the filing of charges and the start of a trial. While these statutes are strictly worded, history has shown that convictions are rarely overturned due to claims of a delayed trial. Right to Be Represented by an Attorney The Sixth Amendment also ensures that all defendants in criminal trials have the right â€Å"†¦ to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.† If a defendant cannot afford an attorney, a judge must appoint one who will be paid by the government. Judges typically appoint attorneys for indigent defendants in all cases which could result in a prison sentence. Right Not to Be Tried Twice for the Same Crime The Fifth Amendment provides: â€Å"[N]or shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb.† This well-known â€Å"Double Jeopardy Clause† protects defendants from facing trial more than once for the same offense. However, the protection of the Double Jeopardy Clause does not necessarily apply to defendants who might face charges in both federal and state courts for the same offense if some aspects of the act violated federal laws while other aspects of the act violated state laws. In addition, the Double Jeopardy Clause does not protect defendants from facing trial in both criminal and civil courts for the same offense. For example, while O.J. Simpson was found not guilty of the 1994 murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ron Goldman in criminal court, he was later found to be legally â€Å"responsible† for the killings in civil court after being sued by the Brown and Goldman families. Right to Not be Punished  Cruelly Finally, the Eighth Amendment states that for criminal defendants, â€Å"Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.† The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that the amendments â€Å"Cruel and Unusual Punishment Clause† also applies to the states. While the U.S. Supreme Court has held that the Eighth Amendment forbids some punishments entirely, it also forbids some other punishments that are excessive when compared to the crime  or compared to the defendant’s mental or physical competence. The principles the Supreme Court uses to decide whether or not a particular punishment is â€Å"cruel and unusual† were solidified by Justice William Brennan in his majority opinion in the landmark 1972 case of Furman v. Georgia. In his decision, Justice Brennan wrote, â€Å"There are, then, four principles by which we may determine whether a particular punishment is cruel and unusual.† The essential factor is â€Å"that the punishment must not by its severity be degrading to human dignity.† For example, torture or an unnecessarily long and painful death.â€Å"A severe punishment that is obviously inflicted in wholly arbitrary fashion.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"A severe punishment that is clearly and totally rejected throughout society.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"A severe punishment that is patently unnecessary.† Justice Brennan added, â€Å"The function of these principles, after all, is simply to provide means by which a court can determine whether a challenged punishment comports with human dignity.†

Stronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary - 3382 Words

Stronger Internet Privacy Laws Are Unnecessary The Internet, 2005 As you read, consider the following questions: 1. What company was sued because its Web site s advertisement placed cookies on the computers of people visiting the site? 2. In what European country was a privacy-protection law used to curtail free speech, according to Mishkin? The right to privacy has been around since the early part of the last century. It has evolved to apply—more or less—to a disparate array of social and economic issues, ranging from the desire to avoid publicity ( Time v. Hill ) to abortion (Roe v. Wade). The recent explosive growth of Internet use has created its own set of privacy concerns arising from this new medium. By mid-2001, the†¦show more content†¦Others misbehaved as well. Liberty Financial operated the Young Investors web site, devoted to adolescents and teens. The site included a survey that gathered private information (social security numbers and telephone numbers, for instance), promised prizes for completing it and assured users that all of your answers will be totally anonymous. In fact, the FTC found that Liberty did not keep the information anonymously and did not even award the prizes it had promised. Liberty entered into a Consent Decree in 1999, promising to (a) stop making false claims about anonymity; (b) post a Privacy Policy; and (c) obtain verifiable parental consent before gathering private information from children under 13 years old. In the Liberty action, the FTC was foreshadowing the requirements of a law that went into effect the following year—the Children s Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA). Under COPPA, a web site that is principally directed towards children under 13 years old must abide by some very strict rules before gathering personal information from users. 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Parity Generator Free Essays

PARITY GENERATOR Vinti Thakkar Swetha Jain Riddhi Vira TE : B-3 TE : B-3 TE : B-3 Roll no : 0812103 Roll no : 0812106 Roll no : 0812114 Email : vinti. thakkar Email : shweta. mjain Email : riddhi1312 @gmail. We will write a custom essay sample on Parity Generator or any similar topic only for you Order Now com 2012@gmail. com @gmail. com AbstractSecurity is a prime concern in our day-today life. Everyone wants to be as much secure as possible. An access control for doors forms a vital link in a security chain. The microcontroller based digital lock for Doors is an access control system that allows only authorized persons to access a restricted area. The system is fully controlled by the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051 which has a 2Kbytes of ROM for the program memory. The password is stored in the EPROM so that we can change it at any time. The system has a Keypad by which the password can be entered through it. When the entered password equals with the password stored in the memory then the relay gets on and so that the door is opened. If we entered a wrong password for more than three times then the Alarm is switched on. 1. Introductionâ€Å"Password Based Door Security System using Microcontroller† is used in the places where we need more security. It can also used to secure lockers and other protective doors. The system comprises a number keypad and the keypads are connected to the 8 bit microcontroller AT89C2051. This is one of the popular Microcontroller. It has only 20 pins and there are 15 input/output lines. The microcontroller has a program memory of 2 Kilobytes. The microcontroller continuously monitor the keypad and if somebody enters the password it will check the entered password with the password which was stored in the memory and if it they are same then the microcontroller will switch on the corresponding device. The system will allow the person who knows the password and it will not allow who don’t know the password and the system will also show the persons who try to break the protection barrier. 3. Circuit Diagram ExplanationThe Main Part of the above Circuit diagrams is the Microcontroller AT89C2051. The Keypad was the input device and it was connected in a matrix format so that the numbers of ports needed are reduced. The Microcontroller reads a four-digit password through the Keypad. Then the Microcontroller compares the four digit password with the number which is preprogrammed and if it is equal then the Microcontroller will switch on the motor for the door and if we enter the wrong password for more than three times then an alarm will be switched on until a right password was pressed through the Keypad. The Password was stored in the EEPROM and the password can be changed at any time using the same keypad. To change the password dial 1234 –Old password- New Password. The power supply section is the important one. It should deliver constant output regulated power supply for successful working of the project. A 0-12V/500 mA transformer is used for our purpose the primary of this transformer is connected in to main supply through on/off switch fuse for protecting from overload and short circuit protection. The secondary is connected to the diodes convert from 12V AC to 12V DC voltage. Which is further regulated to +5v, by using IC 78054. Component Details1) Resistor :Resistor is a component that resists the flow of direct or alternating electric circuit. Resistors can limit or divide the current, reduce the voltage, protect an electric circuit, or provide large amounts of heat or light. An electric current is the movement of charged particles called electrons from one region to another. Resistors are usually placed in electric circuits. Physicists explain the flow of current through a material, such as a resistor, by comparing it to water flowing through a pipe. Resistors are designed to have a specific value of resistance. Resistors used in electric circuits are cylindrical. They are often color coded by three or four color bands that indicate the specific value of resistance. Resistors obey ohm’s law, which states that the current density is directly proportional to the electric field when the temperature is constant. ) Integrated Circuits :Timer IC (555) -The LM555 is a highly stable device for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. Additional terminals are provided for triggering or resetting if desired. In the time delay mode of operation, the time is precisely controlled by one external resistor and capacitor. For astable operation as an oscillator, the free running frequency and duty cycle are accurately controlled with two external resistors and one capacitor. The circuit may be triggered and reset on falling waveforms, and the output circuit can source or sink up to 200mA or drive TTL circuits. Regulator IC (LM 7805) -The LM7805 monolithic 3-terminal positive voltage regulators employ internal current-limiting, thermal shutdown and safe-area compensation, making them essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1. 0A output current. They are intended as fixed voltage regulators in a wide range of applications including local (on-card) regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. In addition to use as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents. Considerable effort was expended to make the entire series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output, although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply. EEPROM (AT24C02) -The AT24C02 provides 2048 bits of serial electrically erasable and programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) organized as 256words of 8 bits each. The device is optimized for use in many industrial and commercial applications where low-power and low-voltage operation are essential. The AT24C02 is available in space-saving 8-lead PDIP, 8-lead JEDEC SOIC, 8-lead MAP, 5-lead SOT23 (AT24C02) and 8-lead TSSOP packages and is accessed via a 2-wire serial interface. In addition, the entire family is available in 2. 7V (2. 7V to 5. 5V) and 1. 8V (1. 8V to 5. 5V) versions. heck till all keys releasedK2:ACALL DEALAY ;call 20 msec delayMOV A,KEYS;see if any key is pressedANL A,#11100000B ;mask unused bitsCJNE A,#11100000B,OVER;key pressed, await closureSJMP K2OVER:ACALL DEALAYMOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,OVER1SJMP K2OVER1:MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW1MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_1MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW2MOV A,KE YSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_2MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW3MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_3MOV A,KEYSORL A,#11111110BMOV KEYS,ACLR ROW4MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,ROW_4LJMP K2ROW_1:RLC AJC MAT1MOV KEY,#01HAJMP K1MAT1:RLC AK1:CJNE R3,#01H,G1INC R3MOV N1,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG1:CJNE R3,#02H,G2INC R3MOV N2,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG2:CJNE R3,#03H,G3INC R3MOV N3,KEYAJMP KEYBOARDG3:CJNE R3,#04H,G4MOV R3,#01HMOV N4,KEYG4:MOV A,N1SWAP AORL A,N2MOV N2,A;HIGHER DIGITSS IN N2MOV A,N3SWAP AORL A,N4MOV N4,A;LOWER DISITS IN N4MOV A,N2CJNE A,#12H, BV1MOV A,N4CJNE A,#79H,BV1CPL L1CLR ALRMMOV COUNT,#00HAJMP KEYBOARDBV1:MOV A,N2CJNE A,#12H, BV2MOV A,N4CJNE A,#71H,BV2CPL L2CLR ALRMMOV COUNT,#00HAJMP KEYBOARDBV2:INC COUNTMOV A,COUNTCJNE A,#03H,HH1SETB ALRMMOV COUNT,#00H HH1:AJMP KEYBOARD;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((8. AcknowledgmentsWe wish to express our profound thanks to the people around us who helped make this project a reality. Firstly, we would like to thank Ms. Vidya Daund for mentoring this project, right from the selection of the topic to its completion. Also, we would like to thank the laboratory assistants Bhakti Ma’am and Kiran Sir who have been constantly there for us whenever we were in need and helped us in whatever ways possible. We would also like to thank all those who have contributed towards the development of our project| 2. Flowchart2) Capacitor :Capacitor or electric condenser is a device for storing an electric charge. The simplest form of capacitor consists of two metal plates separated by a non touching layer called the dielectric. When one plate is charged with electricity from a direct current or electrostatic source, the other plate have induced in it a charge of the opposite sign; that is, positive if the original charge is negative and negative if the original charge is positive. The electrical size of the capacitor is its capacitance. Capacitors are limited in the amount of electric charge they can absorb; they can conduct direct current for only instances but function well as conductors in alternating current circuits. Fixed capacity and variable capacity capacitors are used in conjunction with coils as resonant circuits in radios and other electronic equipment. Capacitors are produced in a wide variety of forms. Air, Mica, Ceramics, Paper, Oil, and Vacuums are used as dielectrics depending on the purpose for which the device is intended. 3) Transistor :Transistor is a device which transforms current flow from low resistance path to high resistance path. It is capable of performing many functions of the vacuum tube in electronic circuits, the transistor is the solid state device consisting of a tiny piece of semi conducting material, usually germanium or silicon, to which three or more electrical connections are made. ) Diode :Diode is a electronic device that allows the passage of current in only one direction. The first such devices were vacuum-tube diodes, consisting of an evacuated glass or steel envelope containing two electrodes – a cathode and an anode. The diodes commonly used in ele ctronic circuits are semiconductor diodes. There are different diodes used in electronic circuits such as Junction diode, Zener diode, Photo diodes, and tunnel diode. Junction diodes consist of junction of two different kinds of semiconductor material. 5. Program (Code) :-include REG_51. PDF KEYSEQUP1ROW1EQUP1. 4ROW2EQUP1. 3ROW3EQUP1. 2ROW4EQUP1. 1COL1EQUP1. 5COL2EQUP1. 6COL3EQUP1. 7L1EQUP3. 1;3. 7L2EQUP3. 0ALRMEQUP3. DSEGORG 20HKEY:DS1N1:DS1N2:DS1N3:DS1N4:DS1COUNT:DS1CSEGORG 0000HSETB L1SETB L2CLR ALRMMOV R3,#01HMOV COUNT,#00HKEYBOARD:MOV KEY,#00HSETB COL1SETB COL2SETB COL3K11:CLR ROW1CLR ROW2CLR ROW3CLR ROW4MOV A,KEYSANL A,#11100000BCJNE A,#11100000B,K11;JC MAT2MOV KEY,#02HAJMP K1MAT2:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#03HAJMP K1ROW_2:RLC AJC MAT3MOV KEY,#04HAJMP K1MAT3:RLC AJC MAT4MOV KEY,#05HAJMP K1MAT4:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#06HAJMP K1ROW_3:RLC AJC MAT5MOV KEY,#07HAJMP K1MAT5:RLC AJC MAT6MOV KEY,#08HAJMP K1MAT6:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#09HAJMP K1ROW_4:RLC AJC MAT7MOV KEY,#0AHMOV COUNT,#00HMOV R3,#01HAJM P KEYBOARDMAT7:RLC AJC MAT8MOV KEY,#0BH;for 0AJMP K1MAT8:RLC AJC K1MOV KEY,#0CHDELAY:MOV R1,#50REPP2:NOPDJNZ R1,REPP2RET;((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((END6. Conclusion7. ApplicationOur electronic door lock performed as expected. We were able to implement all of the functions specified in our proposal. The biggest hurdle we had to overcome with this project was interfacing the micro controller with the hardware components. We feel that this electronic door lock is very marketable because it is easy to use, comparatively inexpensive due to low power consumption, and highly reliable. This door lock is therefore particularly useful in applications such as hotel room door locks, residential housing, and even office buildings.. 9. References 1) Microchip, AT89C2051 Data Sheet, Microchip Technology Inc. , 2003 2) Arrick Robotics, â€Å"Driving High-Power Loads with a Microprocessor,† 2005, How to cite Parity Generator, Papers

United States And European Union Auditor †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The United States And European Union Auditor? Answer: Introduction The present report aims to present an analysis and evaluation of the key issues present in the case study entitled Enron: Independence. Enron, an American company involved in energy, commodities and Services Company was declared bankrupt in the year 2001. The company who was recognized to possess large asset base till the year 2000 suddenly was announced to bankrupt thereby causing the loss of many of its investors and creditors. The case has presented an analysis of the importance of maintaining auditor independence for disclosing the real financial position of a business entity. This is because, Arthur, Andersen, an auditing partner of Enron, has very close relationship with the company as reflected from the case study and therefore has hide the materialistic facts about its financial position from the end-users. This was mainly done for increasing the stock price of the company by the managers in order to realize huge profits. As such, the present report has discussed the importan ce of auditors independence and significance to the profession of auditing. In addition to this, it has illustrated the importance of maintain professional distance in the auditing profession by discussing the case of Enron and Arthur Independence. Auditor Independence and its Significance to Auditing Profession The main purpose of auditing carried out by the firms is to provide expert suggestions regarding the effectiveness of their financial reporting systems. The financial reports must provide a true and fair view of the annual accounts of a firm in order to ensure the transparency of its operations in the eyes of its stakeholders. It is essential for the auditors to maintain an independent position so that actual financial condition of an enterprise is depicted to the end-users without concealment of any pertinent financial facts. The auditors independence refers to the autonomy of the auditing firm hired by the client for analyzing the transparency of its internal business operations. As per the AICPAs professional ode of conduct an auditor is required to have intellectual honesty and judicial impartiality in order to effectively meet the liabilities of its clients and all of its stakeholders (Adelopo, 2016). The absence of independency of the auditor results in restricting the honest and fair view regarding the integrity of a firms operations that can negatively impact the stakeholders interests. The independency in the accounting profession means that the opinion of the auditor is not impacted by any relationship between the company and auditing firm. This is essential so that auditors provide an unbiased opinion on the financial position of a firm for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders (Langendijk, Swagerman and Verhoog, 2003). The major threats for auditor independence are as follows: Self-interest threat: The threat exists when an auditor has a financial dependence on the client such as that exists in the case of Enron and Andersen. The auditing firm, Anderson, was realizing millions of income from Enron and therefore has become financially dependent on it. Trust Threat: The auditor has achieved a high level of trust among the company executives and management and thereby not carrying out his/her job role effectively. Threat of Familiarity: The development of high level of friendship bond among the auditor and the management people of the client restricts the independency if auditor role. This is because auditors has to follow to the advice of management people and thereby cannot perform the job functions with freedom. The familiarity issue was also responsible in the case of Enron corporate scandal as there was familiar relation between the chief accounting officer of the company and the auditor. This lead to the occurrence of mis-representation of the financial figures by the auditor on the advice of the chief accounting officer (Gray and Manson, 2007). Thus, as such it can be said that there exist a high need for independent of auditors to provide sufficient knowledge to the outside parties regarding a firm financial condition. The end-users of the financial reports have faith in the auditors report and it plays an important role in their investment decision-making process. Therefore, for maintaining the confidence of the general public in the business world the independency of auditors actions is very essential. In this context, the stakeholder theory states that a business entity needs to be morally and ethically responsible for protecting the interests of all its stakeholders by providing them realistic financial information. The financial information presented to the end-users must be free from error so that it can be used in decisions relating to the investment. Therefore, the firm must ensure that it carries out its auditing is carried out independently without the involvement of its management (Friedman and Miles, 2006). Thi s will help in preventing the occurrence of any fraudulent accounting activities within the firm such as that occurred the Enron Corporation. Critical Discussion of Arthur Anderson Services that Resulted in Impairment of Auditors Independence The analysis of the case study has shown that the major role played in the collapse of Enron in the year 2001 was the ineffectiveness of its auditing services. The Enron has become one of the largest clients of Arthur Andersen as it realizes million of profits every week from the company. Apart from the audit services, the Andersen also provides non-audit services to the Enron such as business consulting and tax work and realizes about $27 million for such services. The large amount of compensation provided to the Andersen has made it quite challenging for the auditing firm to question the Enrons management team regarding its fraudulent business operations. These non-audit services provided by Andersen provide it an incentive to work as per the interests and goals of the management of Enron. As per the Sarbanes Oxley Act, it is illegal for a public accounting firm to provide any type of non-audit services to its clients. The non-audit services forms a large part of compensation prov ided to the Andersen and thus maintaining of high financial interest in the client can be said to be one of the major reason for impairment of auditors independence (Rantanen, 2007). In addition to this, the presence of close friendly relations between the chief accounting officer of Enron and the auditing partner of Andersen lead to restriction in maintaining the auditors independency during the audit of Enron by Andersen. David Duncan, the Chief Accounting Officer of Enron and the Andersen engagement partner, Cuasey, knew each other from long time and they enjoy vacations together. The existence of long-standing relationship between the client and auditors becomes responsible for the larger role of auditor in the client management functions. This can be done for releasing high profits from the client as Anderson gains huge revenue from Enron. Therefore, the familiarity issues also resulted in impairing the auditors independency in the case of Enron (Rantanen, 2007). Also, Anderson had developed a promotional video for sharing the closeness of its relationship with Enron. There was large number of accountants hired by Andersen that were working at Enron and hold prominent positions in the management team of the company. Also, besides performing auditing of its internal operations, the auditing firm Andersen was also involved in external audit of its financial statements. As such, it was rather difficult for the auditing firm to carry the auditing of its own work resulting in impairment of auditors independency. In this context, the AICPA code of conduct states that individual involved in general public practices such as of auditing should provide unbiased services for maintaining the general public confidence (Edwards, 2003). Importance of Maintaining Professional Distance The case of Enron bankruptcy has emphasized on the need and importance of maintaining auditor independency through developing professional distances. The presence of nay type of personal bonds between the auditor and client can result in biasing the potential judgments of the financial statements. The presence of some sort of professional distance is essential in providing public contact services such as auditing for protecting the stakeholder interests. The client should not have nay personal relationship with the auditor so that he/she can perform the job role independently and provide unbiased statements with the financial audit (Strohm, 2007). The present case study has reflected the impact of presence of personal relationship between the auditor and the client on the auditing services. The audit firm is paid by the client and thus it has made rather difficult for the auditing firm in the present case to carry out an independent audit. The maintaining of independency is highly es sential in the profession of auditing which can be impacted to a huge extent through the presence of bonds of personal relationship. The case of Enron has shown that both the auditing firm and the client should not be known to each other to work in independence. The professional distance will enable the auditor to complete the auditing work through greater proficiency and competency (Alipur, 2013). The presence of close relations between the auditor and the client will have large impact on the professional competency of the auditors. The auditors owes an ethical obligation towards the clients, employers and other stakeholders and therefore should carry out their roles with utmost care and diligence. The many researchers in this context have demonstrated the negative relationship between the presence of personal bonds in auditing profession and the quality of auditing (Alipur, 2013). There are many issues present in the auditing quality and therefore many researchers have emphasized on the importance of professional distance in the accounting profession. The case of Enron has also shown that having more information about the client does not impact the ability of an auditor for identifying the auditing problem. There should be good communication between the auditor and the management of the client company for identifying and resolving the potential problems (Edwards, 2003). However, this should only be maintained at professional level and there should not be nay personal ties between them. In this context, the agency theory of corporate governance has emphasized on the relationship between principal and agents in a business entity. The theory helps in resolving the issues related present between the management and its different level of stakeholders (Forbes-Pitt, 2011). The agency relationship is said to exist when the principal hires an agent for performing some duty in his behalf such as auditing firm being hired by a business entity for carry out auditing of its financial statements. As per the theory, in the case of auditor-client relationship, the agent (auditor) should present the best interest of the principal (client) without any personal interest in the principal actions (Bamberg and Spremann, 2012). Therefore, it can be said that accountancy profession is entrusted with high public interest role and therefore all professional accountants need to adhere to the standard code of conduct directed by the AICPA. The code of conduct has mandated the auditors to act in independency and restrict themselves from any type of relations with the client that can impact their professional capabilities. Therefore, any type of personal relationships between the auditor and the client can be regarded to be unethical as per the AICPA Code of Conduct (Strohm, 2007). Conclusion The discussion held in the report has helped in developing an understanding of the significance of independency in the auditing profession. The case of Enron has also helped in developing an insight regarding the negative impacts of having personal relationships with the auditing firm on the future sustainability of a business entity. The auditing profession holds high responsibility of maintaining the public confidence and trust. The report has also depicted the issues causing the impairment of auditor independency through the help of case study of Enron. The case study has shown that one of the major reasons for the loss of investor confidence during Enron collapse was ineffective audit services provided by its auditing partner, Arthur Andersen. The presence of close bonds between the auditing firm and the client has resulted in impairment of auditors professional competency and capability in the case of Enron. The auditors, as such, require carrying out their job duties with hones ty and integrity to meet their ethical obligations towards their clients and its stakeholders References Adelopo, I. 2016. Auditor Independence: Auditing, Corporate Governance and Marketing Confidence. Routledge. Alipur, R. 2013. The relationship between the spatial distance of auditors and clients, and the quality of auditing in accepted companies in Tehran stock exchange. Issues in Business Management and Economics1 (6), pp. 133-141. Bamberg, G. and Spremann, K. 2012. Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives. Springer Science Business Media. Edwards, F. R. 2003. U.S. Corporate Governance: What Went Wrong and Can It Be Fixed? Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago conference. Forbes-Pitt, K. 2011. The Assumption of Agency Theory. Taylor Francis. Friedman, A. and Miles, S. 2006. Stakeholders: Theory and Practice. OUP Oxford. Gray, I. and Manson, S. 2007. The Audit Process: psychology, Practice and Cases. Cengage Learning EMEA. Langendijk, H., Swagerman, D. and Verhoog, W. 2003. Is Fair Value Fair?: Financial Reporting from an International Perspective. John Wiley Sons. Rantanen, M. 2007. Reasons of Systemic Collapse in Enron: Systems Intelligence in Leadership and Everyday Life. Strohm, C. 2007. United States and European Union Auditor Independence Regulation: Implications for Regulators and Auditing Practice. Springer Science Business Media.